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Facts about Space Facts about space, new planets, antique thing in space, new updates The great attractor Location: The Great Attractor is located in the direction of the Centaurus and Hydra constellations, roughly 150 million light-years away from Earth. Its position behind the dust clouds of our Milky Way galaxy makes it challenging to observe directly. Gravitational Pull: The Great Attractor possesses an immense gravitational force that influences the motion of nearby galaxies. It acts as a massive attractor, causing galaxies to move towards it at high speeds. This gravitational pull shapes the large-scale structure of the universe. Uncertain Nature: The exact nature and composition of the Great Attractor remain a mystery. Scientists propose various theories, including the possibility of it being a concentration of dark matter or a supercluster of galaxies. Further research and observations are necessary to unravel the true nature of this cosmic phenomenon. Age of water A fascinating fact about the age of water on Earth is that some of the water molecules we have today are estimated to be as old as the solar system itself. This conclusion is based on the analysis of isotopes, specifically the ratios of deuterium (a heavy isotope of hydrogen) to regular hydrogen in water samples. By studying these isotopic ratios, scientists have determined that a portion of Earth's water has likely been part of the planet's hydrological cycle since its formation approximately 4.5 billion years ago. This means that the water we use and encounter every day has been cycling through the Earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land for billions of years, making it a remarkable and ancient resource. Gliese 436 B Classification: Gliese 436 b is classified as a "hot Neptune" due to its size resembling Neptune, but with extreme temperatures. Orbit and Distance: It orbits very close to its parent star, completing a revolution in just 2.64 Earth days. Gliese 436 b is located approximately 33 light-years away from Earth. Atmosphere and Composition: The planet has a scorching atmosphere due to its close proximity to the star. It is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, but also contains exotic materials such as "hot ice" or superheated steam. Density and Structure: Gliese 436 b has a relatively low density compared to other exoplanets of similar mass and size. The planet may have a dense core surrounded by a massive envelope of hydrogen and helium. Tidal Forces: Strong tidal forces act on the planet due to its proximity to the star. These tidal forces elongate the planet, leading to additional heating of its atmosphere. The oldest planet Age: PSR B1620-26 system is estimated to be around 12.7 billion years old. Star: The system's central star is a binary system consisting of a pulsar (PSR B1620-26) and a white dwarf. Planets: PSR B1620-26 b (Methuselah): Discovered in 2003. Gas giant planet. Similar in size to Jupiter. Mass is approximately 2.5 times that of Jupiter. Orbits both the pulsar and the white dwarf. Average distance from the star: about 23 astronomical units (AU). Highly eccentric orbit. Orbital period: roughly 100 Earth years. PSR B1620-26 c (Genesis): Discovered in 2006. Gas giant planet. Orbits at a distance of approximately 83 AU from the central stars. GJ 1214B Discovery: GJ 1214b was discovered in 2009 by the MEarth Project, which aims to detect Earth-sized exoplanets orbiting nearby M-dwarf stars. Classification: GJ 1214b is classified as a super-Earth exoplanet. Size and Mass: GJ 1214b is larger than Earth but smaller than gas giants like Jupiter. Its size is approximately 2.7 times the Earth's radius. The mass of GJ 1214b is estimated to be around 6.5 times the mass of Earth. Composition: GJ 1214b is believed to have a substantial atmosphere. The planet's composition consists of a combination of rock and water. HD 140283 Age: HD 140283 is one of the oldest known stars in the universe. Its estimated age is about 14.46 billion years, making it older than the estimated age of the universe itself. Distance: HD 140283 is located approximately 190 light-years away from Earth. It is situated in the constellation Libra. Spectral Class and Subgiant Status: HD 140283 is classified as a subgiant star. It belongs to the spectral class F9, indicating its temperature and other Speciality: This planet is the oldest planet of our universe, in fact this planet is older than universe Deja Vu effect ​Deja vu is a psychological phenomenon characterized by a strong sense of familiarity or the feeling that one has experienced a current situation or event before, despite knowing that it is impossible. While the exact cause of deja vu is not fully understood, several theories have been proposed to explain its occurrence. Here are some of the leading theories: Prevalence: Deja vu is a common phenomenon experienced by a significant portion of the population. Studies suggest that approximately 60-80% of people report having had at least one deja vu experience in their lifetime. Milkey way galaxy The Milky Way Galaxy was born about 12.7 years ago, and is still expanding rapidly today. According to scientists, 6 to 7 new stars are born every year in our milky way galaxy and every year a light star dies and turns into a planetary nebula. Our solar system is 27,000 light years away from the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Our milky way galaxy travels through space at a speed of about 583 KM/S, and it is expanding at a speed of 1770 KM/H. At the center of our Milky Way galaxy is the SAGITTARIUS A* black hole with a mass 4.3 million times that of our Sun. Speed of Light The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second (or about 186,282 miles per second). This speed is denoted by the symbol "c" in physics equations. Light travels at a constant speed in a vacuum, regardless of the source or the observer's motion. This is one of the fundamental principles of physics. The speed of light is incredibly fast. For example, light from the Sun takes about 8 minutes and 20 seconds to reach Earth, even though the distance is about 93 million miles (150 million kilometers). The speed of light is the fastest known speed in the universe. According to our current understanding of physics, no object with mass can reach or exceed the speed of light. Travel at speed of light If we travel at the speed of light, what will the universe look like, then understand that when we drive in the rain, the rain water hits the windshield of the car, as the speed of the car increases, the water hits more diagonally and today The concept applies to spaceships and interstellar space in the universe, where the spaceship traveling at the speed of the universe appears in 2D form in a frame against the light of the surrounding stars.​ MIT University has done one such fun experiment in which it has shown what it feels like to go back and forth at the speed of light. (Download link is below) Download A Slower Speed of Light game: https://gamelab.mit.edu/games/a-slower-speed-of-light/ Speed of Light 2 The fastest moving thing in our universe is light, which moves at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second. You will be surprised to know that light takes 1.3 seconds to reach the moon from earth and it takes 182 seconds to reach Mars and it takes 32 minutes to reach Jupiter and it takes 500 years to reach our Milky Way Galaxy. Light takes 2500000 years to go and reach the nearest Galaxy Andromeda and you will be surprised to hear that despite the speed of light, it can never cross the universe because our universe is spreading faster than light. Time Dilation What is time dilation? Let us understand in a very simplified way, you must have seen the Interstellar movie, in which time is extremely slow on the planet named Millers, where 1 hour spent is equal to 7 years spent on Earth. This is because the planet was very close to the black hole, according to Einstein's theory of relativity, black holes have more time warp, so that time slows down. So understand it in this way that it normally takes us time to go from point A to B, but if we pass near a black hole, then the curvature increases, so it takes more time for us to go from A to B. Epsilon Eridani Star System 7th Aug 2000 Scientists have discovered a new star system named Epsilon Eridani in the Eridanus constellation about 10.5 light years away from Earth. This star system is exactly like our solar system. In this star system we have discovered Epsilon Eridani-b and a low mass planet Epsilon Eridani-c like Jupiter. Apart from this, the asteroid belt is also present in this star system just like our solar system. About 800 million years old, this star system is similar to the time when life began on our Earth. Scientists also consider this star system as the home of aliens.​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ Strange Planets The Pink Planet : GJ504B is a planet that looks completely pink in color and the reason for the pink appearance of this house is its intense heat which makes it look pink, and this planet is 4 times bigger than Jupiter. Super Saturn : J1407B is also called Super Saturn because this planet has the largest planetary ring system ever found and this ring system is 640 times bigger than Saturn. The golden planet : 16 psyche is an asteroid, but it is also called a minor planet. There is a lot of gold in this asteroid. Let us tell you that the price of this minor planet is about 700 quintillion dollars. Space Facts-1 Right now we know only 5% of the universe out of 100 hubs and this is what we call the observable universe and according to scientists there are about 2 trillion galaxies in our observable universe. 1 billion 400 million years ago, a day on our earth used to be 18 hours 41 minutes. There are thousands of millions of black holes present in our Milky Way Galaxy, which keep wandering in space like this. HD140283 is considered to be the first star of this universe and the age of this star is 14.3 billion years which is more than the age of our universe. The black hole that is closest to our earth is named HR6819 and this black hole is 1000 light years away from us. PSR J1719 1438B In the year 2009, MATHEW BAILES, who is an astrophysicist, saw a house from his telescope which was 3000 times bigger than the sun, yet it was revolving around its sun, then after research, it was found that in a supernova explosion, that star was transformed into a nevtron star, whose mass is much more than its house, so it is holding its star despite being small, and that planet has also become a super giant, but due to the heat of its star. Since then the carbon inside it has now become diamond and that planet is a complete diamond planet. Center of Mass in Solar System We all have been reading since childhood that all the planets in our solar system revolve around the Sun, so according to that, the middle point for all the planets should be the middle point of the Sun, but it is not so in reality. Gravitational force pulls the planet towards itself, similarly the planets also pull the Sun, but here the Sun is an ancient and very big star, so its force is more than all the other planets, hence all the planets are seen revolving around it, but all the planets And the center of mass between the Sun is different, like Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system, so as soon as its gravitational force and the force of the Sun meet, both of them revolve around their center of mass which is away from the center of the Sun. Comes a little further. Time Traveler Party The great scientist Stephen Hawking was already experimenting on time travel. In 2009, Stephen Hawking hosted a reception for time travelers at the University of Cambridge. He sent out invitations but did not publicize the event until afterward. The idea was to see if any time travelers would attend, as they would be aware of the event's details through time-traveling knowledge. But no one attended that party which proved that humans cannot time travel. And we also know that if we have to go back in time then it is never possible in the universe. What is Time? Time!, what is time? You will say that a clock or a calendar will be something like this, no, time is not a thing, all these are things to measure time. Time is a dimension, I understand in simple language, time has been moving ever since our universe was created, so is time moving us? No, things keep changing with time, meaning motion also keeps on changing with time, see like ever since the universe was created, it is expanding and all this is happening with time. Before the Big Bang, there was no motion in the singularity, so there was no time then, it can be said as if only time can be the cause of change. Times are changing. Why we should not make contact with aliens right now Great scientist Stephen Hawking said that we should not make contact with aliens right now. Why did he give such advice? Because we humans are still like small children in the world of technology, you will say that science has progressed so much, so many discoveries have been made, we have even gone to space, once or twice in space. We do not become rich by leaving, we have not even searched for living on another planet or have gone to live on any other planet. This progress seems big to us but it is nothing. If we contact any alien civilization, they will reach our Earth and may even harm us, that is why even today we do not respond to any signal. Quantum Elevator What is a quantum elevator? Suppose you are in a building and each floor of this building is a different dimension, you live on the 4th floor, that is, in the 4th dimension, and you have to go from the 4th floor to the 10th floor and there is an elevator here which will take you there. But when you are going from 4th floor to 10th floor then you will not be able to see the floors coming in between and you will not even know what is on this floor. This is how the quantum elevator works. And this can be very different in different dimensions, it takes us in a fixed dimension. Bennu Asteroid Composition: Bennu is a carbonaceous asteroid, rich in carbon-based compounds. This composition makes it valuable for scientists, as it could provide insights into the origin of life and the early solar system. Sample Collection: NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission successfully collected a sample from Bennu's surface in October 2020. This mission aims to return the collected samples to Earth, allowing scientists to study the asteroid's material in detail. Impact Risk: Bennu is classified as a potentially hazardous asteroid due to its orbit's proximity to Earth's orbit. Scientists continue to monitor its trajectory to assess any potential impact risks in the future. Images Voyager's Golden Record The Voyager Golden Record, a time capsule of humanity's cultural and scientific achievements, was launched aboard the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft by NASA in 1977. This phonograph record contains a diverse array of sounds and images representing Earth and its inhabitants, including greetings in 55 languages, music from various cultures, and images depicting life on our planet. The record was designed to serve as a message to any extraterrestrial civilizations that might encounter the Voyager spacecraft. A testament to human curiosity and creativity, the Voyager Golden Record remains a symbolic representation of our species' desire to reach out and connect with the unknown, even across the vastness of space. Gallery WARP Drive Warp drive is a theoretical propulsion system that features prominently in science fiction, notably in franchises like "Star Trek." The concept involves manipulating space-time to enable faster-than-light travel, allowing spacecraft to travel vast interstellar distances in a relatively short time. In essence, warp drive contracts space in front of the spacecraft while expanding it behind, creating a warp bubble that moves the vessel. While widely popularized, especially by theoretical physicist Miguel Alcubierre's theoretical framework in 1994, practical implementation remains a distant dream due to the enormous energy requirements and unresolved challenges in bending space-time as proposed. Scientists continue to explore the theoretical underpinnings of warp drive, but as of now, it remains firmly in the realm of speculative science fiction. Psyche Asteroid Psyche is a massive asteroid located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It's of particular interest to scientists because it's composed mostly of metallic iron and nickel, resembling Earth's core. This unique composition has led researchers to hypothesize that Psyche might be the exposed core of an early planetesimal, offering a rare opportunity to study the interior of a planet-like body. NASA's Psyche spacecraft, slated for launch in 2022, aims to explore this intriguing asteroid, providing valuable insights into the processes that shaped the early solar system and potentially uncovering secrets about planetary core formation. Earendel Star The James Webb Space Telescope has discovered the most distant star in space, which is believed to be the most distant star ever explored, and it is also believed that this star was formed only in the first 100 million years after the Big Bang. had gone Arandale was discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2002 and along with its expansion, it has moved 2800 kilometers away from us. Recently, NASA has once again discovered this star with the help of James Webb Telescope and it has been revealed that it is 2 times bigger than our sun, its brightness is 1 million times more than our sun. NGC 6166 Black Hole Psyche is a massive asteroid located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It's of particular interest to scientists because it's composed mostly of metallic iron and nickel, resembling Earth's core. This unique composition has led researchers to hypothesize that Psyche might be the exposed core of an early planetesimal, offering a rare opportunity to study the interior of a planet-like body. NASA's Psyche spacecraft, slated for launch in 2022, aims to explore this intriguing asteroid, providing valuable insights into the processes that shaped the early solar system and potentially uncovering secrets about planetary core formation.

Parallel World Travel We have heard a lot about time travel, it feels good to hear it but only in imagination and theories, we already know the rest of the reality, but today we have brought another theory in front of you which can happen in the past. There is a thesis based on the above but yes, you will definitely feel happy after reading it. Over View.... So let me give you an overview of this theory, in this we have tried to understand how time travel can happen in the past, because we all know that if we want, we can do it in the future, but time can never shrink. This is why it is impossible to travel in the past, but if we say that it is possible and that anti-reaction will increase your interest, then if we have to travel in time then it is possible only in a parallel universe. But we cannot understand the parallel world well yet, so we will have to create this theory accordingly, then the time travel that will happen will happen in the parallel world that we have created with our own thoughts. Because till now the parallel universe has remained only a thesis. So stick to this theory and the whole society will follow you. If you have any questions, you can tell me in the chat box below, I will definitely answer you. Lets begin the journey After starting this I want to ask you question Is time travel in past can be possible because if we do there would be so many paradoxes we have to face like Grandfather paradoxes and Butterfly Effect. If you don’t know about these then might be you think that what’s these..? ​ Grandfather Paradox- Let’s suppose you have a time machine and you traveled in past And unfortunately because of You your Grandfather got killed in his childhood in the age of 6. Then what happen? Just think logically that if your Grandfather never married with any woman then your father will not birth in this world and if he don’t birth in this world You might be not birth in the world So in present if you don’t exists how did you traveled in past and killed your Grandfather? Tricky right… You can read About the Butterfly effect By yourself…. And cause of we are humans and we often made mistakes we can say that there will be a huge chance that we messed up past.. So with this, This is confirm that we cannot travel in past. Even not in the theory. But we are humans and we are free to think and assume don’t we? Of course many scientists claim that past time travel isn’t possible. So my theory is What if we do travel in past and change it but in result nothing will change in our world cause of our mistake or action, Note that I said in our world. As we know we are not alone in the universe there can be a lot of creature like us or advance from us or lower from us in different sector. And there would be a chance that there would be an parallel universe like us. Parallel Universe is a universe which had many similarities and many differences too. This is a hypothesis universe but it can be true. My theory is a mixture of parallel universe and time travel. There are huge chance that we humans will be able to travel in past but the problem will be we can only observe them but can’t change anything if we dare and try to change anything then The past that we traveled will become a parallel universe and continuous it’s own different future than us. In short if we do the grandfather paradox there then even if we kill the grandfather we will be secure but in that died grandfather universe we actually never be able to exists there. It might be the reason why the party of the time travelers by Stephen hawking was empty cause maybe the travelers don’t want to change the universe. With this almost every paradox can be solved. And whenever we felt Déjà vu there would be the cause of we already felt it on parallel universe and we are connected by that ourselves from that universe to this Universe.. Every action has an appropriate reaction We all know that every action has an appropriate reaction, so you must be thinking that you have said that time travel will happen in the past but not in our parallel universe, but will it have any impact in our universe? , Can it have any opposing impact? Well, we can think something now, but because we have given you this universe, it must have been created by imagination and if we do anything in it, we will not see any effect on the present. We will not get it, that is a different matter that this is just our thought, so maybe there can be some reaction. You can tell in the chat box given below whether you have any idea whether this could be a reaction? Chat Section If you have any question ask me here....

Latest News Latest Press Mentions Exciting Findings at Spacelia Add a News Article with a short summary and a link. You can also add a video for extra engagement. Be detailed and thorough to interest your readers, and include links to the original story online. A Revolutionary Space Exploration Lab Add a News Article with a short summary and a link. You can also add a video for extra engagement. Be detailed and thorough to interest your readers, and include links to the original story online. Top Discoveries of the Decade Add a News Article with a short summary and a link. You can also add a video for extra engagement. Be detailed and thorough to interest your readers, and include links to the original story online. Chandrayan-3 We proudly say that our Indian Space Research Organization declares chandrayan-3 mission details, ISRO is likely to launch Chandrayaan-3 on July 14, 2023 at 2:30 pm from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota. The mission involves landing a rover on the lunar surface. The mission has been budgeted at Rs 615 crore. Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. It has a lander and rover configuration. click here to see chandrayan-3 launch Aditya L1 Aditya L1 shall be the first space based Indian mission to study the Sun. The spacecraft shall be placed in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) of the Sun-Earth system, which is about 1.5 million km from the Earth. A satellite placed in the halo orbit around the L1 point has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/eclipses. it will be launch on 2nd september 11:50, and it will take about 109 days to reach l1 point. click here to see Aditya-L1 launch T Coronae Borealis Outburst Have you ever wished you could witness a stellar explosion? Well, 2024 might just be your year! A fascinating binary star system called T Coronae Borealis (T CrB), also known as the Blaze Star, is a potential candidate for a spectacular outburst this year. But before we get into the fireworks, let’s delve into the intriguing configuration of this cosmic duo. click here to read blog

Site Map overview of site Solar System Sun Hit me for more information Mercury Hit me for more information Venus Hit me for more information Earth Hit me for more information Moon Hit me for more information Mars Hit me for more information Ceres Hit me for more information Asteroid Belt Hit me for more information Jupiter Hit me for more information Saturn Hit me for more information Comets Hit me for more information Uranus Hit me for more information Neptune Hit me for more information Kuiper Belt Hit me for more information Pluto Hit me for more information Oort Cloud Hit me for more information Research Star Formation Hit me for more information Nebula Observation Hit me for more information Solar Flare Detection Hit me for more information The Big Bang Effect Hit me for more information Existence of Alien civilization Hit me for more information Antient Literature & Geography Hit me for more information We are living in matrix Hit me for more information Net mass of our universe Hit me for more information Time Dilation Effect Hit me for more information Nearest Star System Hit me for more information KEPLER-452b Hit me for more information KEPLER-186f Hit me for more information Proxima Centauri b Hit me for more information Trappist-1 Hit me for more information LHS 1140b Hit me for more information Black Hole Hit me for more information Worm Hole Hit me for more information Age of our Universe Hit me for more information Religious Point of view Hit me for more information Existence of Multiverse Hit me for more information White Hole Hit me for more information Theories Time is not constant Hit me for more information Origin Of Earth Hit me for more information The Big Bang Theory Hit me for more information General Relativity Theory Hit me for more information Heat Death of the Universe Hit me for more information Multiness of Thoughts Hit me for more information Quantum Theory Hit me for more information Hubble's Law Hit me for more information Cosmic Inflaction Hit me for more information String Theory Hit me for more information Dark Metter Theory Hit me for more information Dark Energy Hit me for more information Multiverse Theory Hit me for more information Tagmark's Four Levels of Multiverse Hit me for more information Apple In a Box Hit me for more information Simulation Theory Hit me for more information Special Relativity Theory Hit me for more information Twin Paradox Hit me for more information Quantum Entanglement Hit me for more information The Infinite Hotel Paradox Hit me for more information The Rare Earth Hit me for more information The Great Silence Hit me for more information The Great Filter Hit me for more information The Early Bird Hit me for more information Theory of Creati Hit me for more information The Grandfather Paradox Hit me for more information We are nothing.... 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The Arecibo Message In 1974, humanity took a bold step into the unknown. From the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, a powerful radio signal pierced the night sky. This wasn’t your typical astronomical observation; it was a deliberate message aimed at the vast emptiness of space, carrying a beacon of our existence. This message, known as the Arecibo message, became a landmark event in our search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). In 1974, humanity took a bold step into the unknown. From the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, a powerful radio signal pierced the night sky. This wasn’t your typical astronomical observation; it was a deliberate message aimed at the vast emptiness of space, carrying a beacon of our existence. This message, known as the Arecibo message, became a landmark event in our search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). ​ The Arecibo message wasn’t born out of a sudden alien invasion scare or a Hollywood-esque first contact mission. It was a clever piggyback on a momentous occasion. The Arecibo Observatory had just undergone a major upgrade, and scientists wanted to showcase its newfound capabilities. They designed a pictorial message containing fundamental information about humanity and Earth. ​ Imagine a cosmic postcard: The message, encoded in a binary format (1s and 0s), depicted our solar system, the numbers 1 to 10, the chemical makeup of DNA, and a stick figure representing a human. It even included a clever illustration of the Arecibo telescope itself, acting as a calling card. The target? A globular cluster called Messier 13, a dense swarm of hundreds of thousands of stars located roughly 25,000 light-years away. While the chances of encountering intelligent life there were slim, Messier 13 was a large and easily identifiable landmark in the night sky at the time of transmission. ​ The Arecibo message wasn’t meant to be a two-way conversation. Given the distance, it would take 25,000 years for the message to reach Messier 13, and another 25,000 years for a potential response to travel back. It was more of a symbolic gesture, a way to announce our presence to the universe and demonstrate our growing technological prowess. The Arecibo message sparked a wave of fascination with the possibility of extraterrestrial life. It fueled discussions about the potential dangers and rewards of interstellar communication. Some scientists, like the renowned Carl Sagan, who was involved in the message’s design, believed it was an important step in humanity’s journey of cosmic exploration. ​ The Arecibo message wasn’t the last of its kind. With advancements in technology, scientists are proposing even more sophisticated interstellar messages, some containing information about our biology, culture, and mathematics. ​ The Arecibo message serves as a reminder of our inherent human curiosity and our desire to connect with something beyond ourselves. It’s a testament to our scientific ambition and a beacon of hope, cast into the vast unknown, waiting to be discovered by those who might be listening. Chat Section If you have any question ask me here.... Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Zombie Planets Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

KEPLER-186f Kepler-186f is an Earth-sized exoplanet located 500 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus. It orbits a red dwarf star, Kepler-186, within its habitable zone, where conditions might allow liquid water to exist. This discovery sparked interest in the search for potentially habitable exoplanets and raised questions about the possibility of extraterrestrial life beyond our solar system. However, limited data about its atmosphere and surface make it challenging to assess its true habitability. 1. Characteristics of Kepler-186f: Size: Kepler-186f is considered an Earth-sized exoplanet, with an estimated radius about 1.1 times that of Earth. This makes it one of the few exoplanets discovered at the time that was close in size to our own planet. Parent Star: Kepler-186f orbits a red dwarf star known as Kepler-186, which is cooler and smaller than our Sun. Kepler-186 is classified as an M-dwarf star. Orbit: Kepler-186f is in a relatively tight orbit around its host star, completing one orbit approximately every 130 Earth days. It receives about a third of the energy from its star compared to Earth's energy from the Sun. Habitable Zone: One of the most intriguing aspects of Kepler-186f is its location within the habitable zone (Goldilocks zone) of its star. The habitable zone is the region around a star where conditions might be suitable for liquid water to exist on the planet's surface, which is a key factor for the potential development of life as we know it. 2. Atmosphere of Kepler-186f: Information about the specific composition and characteristics of Kepler-186f's atmosphere is not currently known. Detecting and analyzing the atmospheres of exoplanets, especially those as distant as Kepler-186f, is a challenging task that often requires advanced telescopes and instruments. Detailed studies of an exoplanet's atmosphere can provide important insights into its potential habitability. 3. Potential for Extraterrestrial Life: Kepler-186f's location within the habitable zone of its star makes it an intriguing candidate for the potential existence of extraterrestrial life. The habitable zone represents the region where conditions might be right for liquid water to exist on the planet's surface, which is a crucial ingredient for life as we know it. However, the presence of liquid water alone does not guarantee the existence of life. Other factors, such as the composition of the planet's atmosphere, the presence of essential nutrients, geological activity, and the stability of the climate, also play vital roles in determining habitability. Detecting signs of life on Kepler-186f or any exoplanet is extremely challenging and would likely require advanced telescopes capable of analyzing the planet's atmosphere for biomarkers (e.g., oxygen, methane) or other potential signs of biological activity. Kepler-186f and Earth have some similarities, such as their Earth-sized classification and the fact that Kepler-186f is located within the habitable zone of its star. However, they also have several key differences. Here's a comparison between Kepler-186f and Earth: ​ 1. Size and Mass: Earth: Earth is approximately 12,742 kilometers (7,918 miles) in diameter and has a mass of about 5.972 × 10^24 kilograms. Kepler-186f: Kepler-186f is considered an Earth-sized exoplanet, with an estimated radius about 1.1 times that of Earth. Its exact mass is not precisely known but is believed to be greater than Earth. ​ 2. Parent Star and Orbit: Earth: Earth orbits the Sun, a G-type main-sequence star (G2V), at an average distance of about 149.6 million kilometers (93 million miles). It completes one orbit around the Sun in approximately 365.25 days. Kepler-186f: Kepler-186f orbits a red dwarf star known as Kepler-186, which is cooler and smaller than our Sun. Its orbit around Kepler-186 takes approximately 130 Earth days. ​ 3. Habitable Zone: Earth: Earth is located within the habitable zone of the Sun, where conditions for liquid water are ideal for the existence of life. Kepler-186f: Kepler-186f is also located within the habitable zone of its star, Kepler-186. This means that, theoretically, it could have conditions suitable for liquid water to exist on its surface. ​ 4. Atmosphere: Earth: Earth has a diverse and life-sustaining atmosphere composed primarily of nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%), with trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere plays a critical role in regulating temperature and supporting life. Kepler-186f: The specific composition and characteristics of Kepler-186f's atmosphere are not currently known. Detailed studies are needed to determine the presence and properties of its atmosphere. ​ 5. Surface Conditions: Earth: Earth has a variety of surface conditions, including continents, oceans, and various climate zones. It supports a wide range of life forms and ecosystems. Kepler-186f: The specific surface conditions of Kepler-186f, such as the presence of oceans, continents, or any geological activity, are not known due to limited observational data. ​ 6. Potential for Extraterrestrial Life: Earth: Earth is known to host a diverse array of life, from microorganisms to complex multicellular organisms, including humans. Kepler-186f: While it is located within the habitable zone and is considered an interesting candidate for further study, the presence of extraterrestrial life on Kepler-186f is purely speculative at this point. It is one of the exoplanets that has garnered attention for its potential habitability. Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-452b Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Time Line

Existence of Multiverse Overview what is multiverse? , Does it exist in real?, and if yes then how, I will also show its proof and an experiment. In this article, you will know the secret of the multiverse and all the facts related to it and will also know whether it exists or not. 1.1 Imaginary view of multiverse Perspective.... We already know about the multiverse that this is our universe and there must be another such universe outside this universe and we have named it multiverse, but can't it be that when the Big Bang happened, different universes were created? It must have happened, it must be strange to hear but I will explain it to you very well. You must have read in Science in class 8-9 that when milk is heated, the particles below its surface get heated and come up and the cold particles from above come down and in the same way the milk gets heated, but this one feels hotter. After this, its hot molecules come up through an air bubble, which takes time and the milk gets heated quickly, so what is the relation of this to our theory?, like the milk particles get heated more and form a bubble type structure. Similarly, when the Big Bang happened, the particles were spread among the molecules, then that energy would also have taken a bubble-like form and we live in one of those bubble type structures. 1.2 Bubble type structure in milk Where is proof?..... 1.3 Experience of deja vu. By now you must have understood all the society but still there must be a question somewhere in your mind that proving the multiverse only on the medium of milk does not seem confidential. Yes, so now I will tell you some experiments and proofs, imagine that you are looking at the Taj Mahal and suddenly this thought came to you that yes, I have already seen the Taj Mahal and that too while standing at the same place, or Sometimes it may have happened that you are meeting someone for the first time and you feel that you have met them before, 94% of the people in the whole world have felt such things, this is called déjà vu effect, it means first. Some work done The thesis behind this is that when your timeline collides with your avatar, which is in another universe of the multiverse, then you feel that your other avatar has done this thing earlier and that thing is saved in your memory. It happens and when you see that thing again, you feel that you have done it before. We can compare this thing with the multiverse, and somewhere this thing may have a connection with the multiverse.

Portfolio In the portfolio section, you will get the explanation of the topic with images so that you will be able to learn well and will not get bored.

Key Publications Submitted and Published Papers Our Article Space Tourism: A Look into the Future of TravelSpace Tourism: A Look into the Future of Travel​ ​ Space exploration has always captured the imagination of humanity. Since the first moon landing in 1969, the idea of traveling beyond Earth’s atmosphere has fascinated us. Fast forward to the present day, and the concept of space tourism is no longer just a dream. With advancements in technology, this once sci-fi concept is becoming a viable reality.

Kepler's Exoplanets

Theories Scientific explanation of any topic Time Is Not Constant only one thing is constant and it is a change. okay for some reason i thought time is constant so when something is come from nothing so nothing is consist nothing not time also. so yes the question is when vacume is consist nothing so time is not constant. but here is a Einstein's Relativity theory is proved wrong as per this perspactive but no everything is right in it's limits. Origin Of Earth Origin of our universe is from big bang effect. and origin of our galaxy is to collab of two galaxies, but origin of our earth is ? , origin of our earth is from sun because age of our galaxy is roughly 13.6 billion years and age of our sun is 4.6 billion years and age of our earth is 4.5 billion years, so the origin of our earth is from sun as per my perspective. exploit on suns surface core is a origin of all planets and asteroids, exploit of sun and other rock is origin of our moon. so this is my basic phenomena. The BIg-Bang Theory The early theory of origin of origin of universe is The Big Bang Theory. which consist a nebular exploidation of two nebulas. this theory is a strongest theory of the origin of universe. when big bang cause dark mater and all galaxies are origin. all things of our universe is cause in this time. scientist strongly work on this theory. Georges Lemaitre || 1894 - 1966 General Relativity Theory The theory of relativity is a scientific theory proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905 and 1915 that fundamentally changed our understanding of space, time, and gravity. It has two main parts: Special relativity: which deals with objects moving at constant speeds, and shows that time is relative to the observer and that objects appear differently depending on the observer's position and motion. General relativity: which deals with the force of gravity and shows that it is not a force at all, but rather the curvature of spacetime caused by the presence of mass and energy. Albert Einstein || 1905 Heat Death Of The Universe The heat death of the universe theory proposes that, over an immense span of time, the universe will gradually reach a state of maximum entropy and energy equilibrium. As the universe expands, the average energy density decreases, leading to a cooling effect. Eventually, all usable energy will be uniformly distributed and no longer available for work or sustaining life. This scenario predicts the loss of structure, complexity, and organization as energy dissipates, resulting in a cold, sparse, and lifeless universe. Lord Kelvin || 1850 Multiness Of Thoughts What we are experiencing right now, whether we have a dream or a thought represents our future, it means that what we think will happen to us, so always keep positive thinking. You may have seen the movie Interstellar where a man controls the fourth diamentio from the future and how our present is connected to our past, this basic concept is what I call the concept of Multiness of Thoughts. this concept is also connected with quantum theories, because this theory also say that all thigs which we see is create with our thoughts and after we see it's die immediately. Quantum Theory Quantum theory, also known as quantum mechanics, is a foundational theory in physics that describes the behavior of particles at the smallest scales. It introduces the concept of quantized energy levels, probabilistic behavior, and the wave-particle duality. Quantum theory revolutionized our understanding of the microscopic world, providing a mathematical framework to calculate probabilities and predict particle interactions. Its applications range from explaining the behavior of atoms and molecules to enabling technologies like quantum computing and quantum cryptography. Quantum theory has fundamentally transformed our understanding of the nature of reality and continues to shape our exploration of the fundamental workings of the universe. Niels Bohr & Max Planck || 1900 Hubble's Law Hubble's Law, named after the astronomer Edwin Hubble, states that galaxies are moving away from us, and the farther they are, the faster they are receding. This law is based on the observation that the light from distant galaxies is shifted towards the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum, known as redshift. Hubble's Law provides evidence for the expansion of the universe and serves as a cornerstone of modern cosmology. By studying the redshift of galaxies, scientists can determine their distance and calculate the rate of cosmic expansion. Hubble's Law has contributed significantly to our understanding of the origin, evolution, and large-scale structure of the universe. Edwin Hubble's || 1929 Cosmic Inflation Cosmic inflation theory proposes that the universe underwent an extremely rapid expansion, known as cosmic inflation, in the earliest moments of its existence. This theory suggests that, shortly after the Big Bang, a tiny patch of space expanded exponentially, causing the universe to rapidly expand and flatten out. Cosmic inflation helps explain several observations, such as the uniformity of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the overall large-scale structure of the universe. It also provides a possible solution to the horizon problem and the flatness problem in cosmology. While cosmic inflation remains a theoretical concept, it has gained widespread acceptance and is considered a crucial component of our current understanding of the early universe. Alan Guth || 1980 String Theory String theory is a theoretical framework in physics that aims to unify all the fundamental forces and particles of nature. It proposes that the fundamental building blocks of the universe are not point-like particles but tiny, vibrating strings of energy. These strings exist in higher-dimensional spacetime and their vibrations give rise to different particles with various properties. String theory offers a promising path towards reconciling general relativity and quantum mechanics, two foundational theories that currently appear incompatible. It also suggests the existence of additional dimensions beyond the familiar three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. String theory is still an area of active research and has sparked numerous developments in theoretical physics, including the concept of holography and new insights into quantum gravity and black hole physics. Gabriele Veneziano || 1969 Dark Matter Theory Dark matter theory proposes the existence of a type of matter that does not interact with light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation but exerts a gravitational influence on visible matter. It is called "dark" because it does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible and difficult to detect directly. Dark matter is inferred from its gravitational effects on galaxies and galaxy clusters, explaining the observed rotation curves of galaxies and the dynamics of galactic clusters. The exact nature of dark matter remains unknown, and its composition is a subject of ongoing research. The existence of dark matter is a crucial component in current cosmological models, accounting for a significant portion of the mass in the universe and shaping the large-scale structure we observe. Fritz Zwicky || 1933 Dark Energy Theory Dark energy theory is a concept in physics that attempts to explain the observed accelerated expansion of the universe. It suggests the existence of a mysterious form of energy that permeates all of space and drives this expansion. Dark energy is thought to possess negative pressure, counteracting the gravitational pull of matter and causing the universe to expand at an increasing rate. Its nature and origin remain elusive, with potential explanations ranging from a cosmological constant, as proposed by Einstein, to more exotic possibilities like quintessence or modifications of general relativity. Dark energy constitutes a significant fraction of the total energy density in the universe, but its precise properties and role in cosmic evolution continue to be active areas of scientific investigation. Adam Riess || 1998 Multiverse Theory Multiverse theory is a speculative concept in cosmology and theoretical physics that suggests the existence of multiple universes or parallel realities beyond our own observable universe. According to this theory, each universe within the multiverse could have its own unique physical laws, constants, and properties. The idea of a multiverse arises from attempts to explain various fundamental questions, such as the fine-tuning of physical constants and the origin of our universe. While there are different versions of multiverse theory, they generally propose that the vastness of possibilities extends beyond what we can observe, and that our universe is just one among countless others. The concept of a multiverse is still highly speculative and remains a topic of philosophical and scientific debate, with ongoing research exploring its potential implications and ways to test its validity. William James || 1895 Tagmark's Four Levels of Multiverse The concept of the multiverse is indeed a subject of ongoing scientific exploration and theoretical discussion. Some theories propose different levels or types of multiverse based on various hypotheses, such as: Level I Multiverse: This level of multiverse is based on the idea of an infinite or vastly large universe, where regions far beyond what we can observe contain regions similar to our observable universe. This concept arises from cosmic inflation theory. Level II Multiverse: This level of multiverse is related to the idea of bubble universes within an inflating space. According to eternal inflation theory, our universe could be just one of many "bubbles" embedded in a larger multiverse. Level III Multiverse: This level of multiverse stems from the concept of a "many-worlds interpretation" of quantum mechanics. It suggests that every quantum event spawns multiple parallel universes, resulting in a branching multiverse where every possible outcome of quantum events occurs in a different universe. Level IV Multiverse: This level of multiverse is often associated with the idea of mathematical or logical universes. It suggests that all conceivable mathematical structures or logical systems exist as separate universes. Max Tagmark Apple in a Box Spatial reasoning or problem-solving: In mathematics or logic puzzles, there are scenarios where you might have to imagine an apple placed inside a box and analyze its properties or movements within that confined space. Thought experiment: Philosophers and scientists often use thought experiments to explore concepts and theories. The "apple in a box" could represent a hypothetical situation used to illustrate a particular idea or phenomenon. Teaching tool: Teachers and educators might use the phrase "apple in a box" to simplify complex concepts for students, making it easier for them to understand and visualize abstract ideas. Perception and reality: The phrase might be used metaphorically to explore the difference between what we perceive (the apple in the box) and what objectively exists (the actual state of the apple). Simulation Theory Virtual Reality Hypothesis: Simulation theory proposes that our entire reality, including the universe and all its inhabitants, might be a computer-generated simulation created by an advanced civilization. Technological Mastery: The theory assumes that a highly developed society could create simulations indistinguishable from reality, complete with conscious beings who believe they are living genuine lives. Existential Questions: Simulation theory raises philosophical questions about the nature of consciousness, the meaning of existence, and the potential layers of reality, challenging conventional understandings of the universe. Speculative Nature: While captivating, simulation theory lacks empirical evidence and serves as a thought experiment that encourages us to ponder the nature of reality and our place within an intricate, simulated cosmos. Nick Bostrom | 2003 Special Relativity Theory Special relativity theory, proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905, is a fundamental theory in physics that revolutionized our understanding of space, time, and motion. It introduces two key principles: Constancy of the Speed of Light: The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of their relative motion. This means that the speed of light is an absolute constant. Relativity of Space and Time: Space and time are not absolute but depend on the observer's motion. Time can appear to pass differently for moving objects, and lengths can appear shorter when an object moves at high speeds. Special relativity has been extensively tested and confirmed, and it forms the basis for modern physics, helping us understand phenomena at high speeds and near the speed of light. Albert Einstirn || 1905 Twin Paradox The twin paradox is a thought experiment arising from Einstein's theory of special relativity. It involves two identical twins: one stays on Earth, while the other travels into space at a high speed and then returns. Due to time dilation, the traveling twin ages less than the twin who remained on Earth. This seems paradoxical, but it's resolved by considering the effects of acceleration and relative motion on time and space. The twin paradox illustrates the counterintuitive nature of time dilation and the relativistic effects predicted by special relativity. It's been confirmed through experiments and is a fundamental example of how the theory challenges our everyday understanding of time and motion.​ Quantum Entanglement Quantum entanglement is a bizarre, counterintuitive phenomenon that explains how two subatomic particles can be intimately linked to each other even if separated by billions of light-years of space. Despite their vast separation, a change induced in one will affect the other. In 1964, physicist John Bell posited that such changes can be induced and occur instantaneously, even if the particles are very far apart. Bell's Theorem is regarded as an important idea in modern physics, but it conflicts with other well-established principles of physics. For example, Albert Einstein had shown years before Bell proposed his theorem that information cannot travel faster than the speed of light . Perplexed, Einstein famously described this entanglement phenomenon as "spooky action at a distance." Erwin Schrödinger || 1935 The Infinite Hotel Paradox The Infinite Hotel Paradox is a mind-bending thought experiment in mathematics and philosophy. Imagine a hotel with an infinite number of rooms, and every room is occupied by a guest. When a new guest arrives and wants a room, the manager can still accommodate them by simply asking each current guest to move to the room with a number one higher than their current room. This frees up room 1 for the new guest. What's truly astonishing is that this process can be repeated infinitely, accommodating an infinite number of new guests in a seemingly already full hotel. It challenges our intuitive understanding of finite and infinite quantities, showcasing the paradoxical nature of infinity in a captivating way. David Hilbert's Theory Of Creation The theory of creation, often rooted in religious or mythological beliefs, posits that the universe, Earth, and all living beings were intentionally brought into existence by a divine or supernatural force. Various cultures and religions have their own creation narratives, such as the Judeo-Christian account of God creating the world in seven days, or the Hindu belief in the cosmic dance of Lord Shiva as the source of creation. These theories often serve as explanations for the origins of the cosmos and life itself, offering a framework for understanding our existence and our place in the universe. While the theory of creation is deeply ingrained in cultural and spiritual traditions, it coexists alongside scientific theories of evolution and cosmology, sparking ongoing discussions and debates about the nature of our origins. Charles Darwin || 1859 Grandfather Paradox The grandfather paradox is a thought experiment in the realm of time travel and theoretical physics. It revolves around a hypothetical situation where a person travels back in time and encounters their own grandfather before their grandfather has children. The paradox arises when the time traveler interferes with the past in a way that prevents their own existence. For example, if the time traveler were to prevent their grandparents from meeting or somehow cause their grandfather's death before he could have children, it would create a logical inconsistency. If the time traveler was never born, how could they have traveled back in time in the first place to create the interference? The grandfather paradox raises questions about the nature of time, causality, and the possible consequences of time travel. It's often discussed in discussions about the feasibility and potential paradoxes associated with time travel, but it also highlights some of the challenging problems that arise when contemplating journeys through time. We are nothing.... What is vacuum?, How is vacuum formed?, We believe that there is no air at all in vacuum, meaning vacuum is an empty substance which is completely empty, do you understand this? Wrong, vacuum is not empty matter, vacuum is the space formed by the formation of matter and antimatter. I believe that in this universe of ours, there is an anti-avatar of all the things, like the white hole of the black hole, similarly the anti-matter of the matter. So what are we?, we are also a matter, so can we also have any anti form, absolutely possible, that is why it is called vacuum, and this is how our entire universe is formed, if we say If something came from nothing, then that means we are that nothing. In the end this entire space becomes zero, so can we call ourselves nothing? Chess Square Theory COMING SOON............. Visit Now Parallel World Travel We have heard a lot about time travel, it feels good to hear it but only in imagination and theories, we already know the rest of the reality, but today we have brought another theory in front of you which can happen in the past. There is a thesis based on the above but yes, you will definitely feel happy after reading it. Visit Now We are our GOD This perspective posits that while we are not divine beings, we do possess the capacity to control and manipulate our own destinies, akin to gods in our own right. Drawing parallels with the movie Interstellar, the notion of being the orchestrator of our lives is highlighted. The theory extends to addressing various enigmas such as the Egyptian pyramids and sightings of UFOs, attributing them to our relationship with space. It promises to unravel mysteries and provide answers, though it also emphasizes the importance of mindset in adopting such a worldview. Visit Now The Fermi Paradox The Fermi Paradox is the apparent contradiction between the high probability of extraterrestrial civilizations existing in the vast universe and the lack of any observable evidence or contact with such civilizations. Considering the sheer number of potentially habitable planets, the age of the universe, and the speed at which life emerged on Earth, it seems logical that other advanced civilizations should exist. However, there are various proposed solutions to this paradox, ranging from the possibility that life is rare, to the idea that advanced civilizations self-destruct, or that they communicate in ways we cannot yet detect. Despite extensive efforts, we have not found conclusive evidence of extraterrestrial life, leaving the Fermi Paradox as a major unresolved question in science. Inflationary Cosmology Inflationary cosmology, proposed by Alan Guth in 1980, suggests a rapid expansion of space in the early universe driven by an inflaton field, addressing puzzles in standard Big Bang cosmology. Supported by observations like cosmic microwave background radiation, inflation explains the universe's uniformity and predicts a nearly scale-invariant spectrum of density fluctuations. Challenges include the initial conditions problem and implications for a multiverse, but inflation remains a key area of cosmological research, shaping our understanding of the universe's early history. Visit Now Blackhole Information Paradox The Black Hole Information Paradox presents a fundamental challenge in reconciling quantum mechanics and general relativity within the context of black holes. It arises from the apparent loss of information beyond the event horizon, contradicting the principle of information conservation in quantum mechanics. Proposed solutions include Hawking radiation, the firewall paradox, holographic principles, and theories of quantum gravity such as string theory. Despite ongoing research, a definitive resolution to this paradox remains elusive, representing a crucial frontier in theoretical physics. Visit Now String Theory String theory proposes that fundamental particles aren't point-like but instead tiny, vibrating strings. It attempts to reconcile quantum mechanics and general relativity, aiming for a unified theory of physics. String theory posits extra dimensions beyond the usual three spatial dimensions and one time dimension, offering a framework for understanding the fundamental nature of reality. However, it remains a highly speculative and mathematically complex theory without experimental confirmation. Visit Now

Nearest Star Systems Certainly, here is a list of the 100 nearest star systems to our solar system, along with brief explanations for each: Alpha Centauri A : The primary star in the Alpha Centauri system, part of the closest star system to our Sun. Alpha Centauri B : The second star in the Alpha Centauri system, which includes a third star, Proxima Centauri. Proxima Centauri : The closest known star to our solar system, located in the Alpha Centauri system. Barnard's Star : The fourth-closest known individual star to our Sun, located in the Ophiuchus constellation. Luhman 16 : A binary brown dwarf system, about 6.59 light-years away from us. Wolf 359 : A red dwarf star, one of the nearest to Earth, approximately 7.8 light-years away. Lalande 21185 : A red dwarf star situated around 8.29 light-years from our Sun. Sirius : The brightest star in Earth's night sky, located about 8.6 light-years away. Ross 154 : A red dwarf star, roughly 9.69 light-years from our Sun. Ross 248 : Another red dwarf star, approximately 10.32 light-years away. Epsilon Eridani : A young star known to have at least one exoplanet, about 10.49 light-years away. 61 Cygni A : The primary star in the 61 Cygni binary system, approximately 11.41 light-years away. 61 Cygni B : The companion star in the 61 Cygni binary system. Struve 2398 A : A red dwarf star in a binary system, about 11.49 light-years away. Struve 2398 B : The companion star in the Struve 2398 binary system. Groombridge 34 A : A binary star system, around 11.62 light-years from our Sun. Groombridge 34 B : The companion star in the Groombridge 34 binary system. Procyon : Also known as Alpha Canis Minoris, it's about 11.46 light-years away and is one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Tau Ceti : Located about 11.89 light-years away, this star is often studied in the search for habitable planets. Epsilon Indi : About 11.83 light-years away, it's one of the closest solitary brown dwarfs to our Sun. Ross 128 : Approximately 11.13 light-years away, this red dwarf star is of interest for exoplanet searches. EZ Aquarii A : Part of a binary star system, approximately 11.32 light-years away . EZ Aquarii B : The companion star in the EZ Aquarii binary system. Luyten's Star : Located about 12.36 light-years away, it's a red dwarf star often used in astronomical studies. Kruger 60 A : A red dwarf star, approximately 13.1 light-years away. Kruger 60 B : The companion star in the Kruger 60 binary system. Gliese 1061 : A red dwarf star situated around 13.06 light-years away. Gliese 1 : Located about 15.76 light-years away, it's part of the Ursa Major constellation. Lacaille 8760 : Also known as AX Microscopii, it's about 12.88 light-years away. Wolf 1061 : A red dwarf star, approximately 14.05 light-years from our Sun. DX Cancri : Located about 14.82 light-years away, it's part of the Cancer constellation. Sirius B : The companion white dwarf star to Sirius A. 40 Eridani A : Also known as Keid, it's about 16.47 light-years away. 40 Eridani B : Part of the 40 Eridani binary system. 40 Eridani C : Also known as Proxima D, it's part of the 40 Eridani system. Proxima Eridani : Located around 16.44 light-years away. GJ 1066 : A red dwarf star situated around 16.87 light-years from our Sun. GJ 1214 : Known for its super-Earth exoplanet, located about 42 light-years away. GJ 1245 A : Part of a binary star system, about 17.16 light-years away. GJ 1245 B : The companion star in the GJ 1245 binary system. GJ 2005 : A red dwarf star approximately 17.52 light-years away. Kapteyn's Star : Located around 12.76 light-years away, it's one of the nearest stars to the solar system. AX Microscopii A : Part of the Lacaille 8760 binary system. AX Microscopii B : The companion star in the Lacaille 8760 binary system. Delta Eridani : Also known as DY Eridani, it's about 26.26 light-years away. GJ 402 : Located approximately 19.11 light-years away. Ross 614 : Also known as UV Ceti, it's a red dwarf star around 21.09 light-years away. Ross 780 : A red dwarf star located about 20.84 light-years away. Ross 619 : Also known as V577 Monocerotis, it's about 20.94 light-years away. Gliese 412 : A red dwarf star situated around 21.01 light-years away. AC+79°3888 : Located about 21.09 light-years away. Gliese 687 : A red dwarf star, about 21.03 light-years from our Sun. Lalande 25372 : Located approximately 21.16 light-years away. Ross 780 : Part of the Ross 780 binary system. Ross 619 : Also known as V577 Monocerotis, part of the Ross 619 binary system. Gliese 412 : Part of the Gliese 412 binary system. AC+79°3888 : Part of the AC+79°3888 binary system. Gliese 687 : Part of the Gliese 687 binary system. Lalande 25372 : Part of the Lalande 25372 binary system. Gliese 54 : A red dwarf star, approximately 21.53 light-years away. Gliese 22 : Located about 22.35 light-years away. Gliese 338 : Part of the Gliese 338 binary system, around 22.44 light-years away. Gliese 54 : Part of the Gliese 54 binary system. Gliese 22 : Part of the Gliese 22 binary system. Gliese 338 : Part of the Gliese 338 binary system. Gliese 830 : Located about 22.83 light-years away. Gliese 860 : Also known as Ross 842, it's approximately 22.36 light-years away. Gliese 880 : Located about 22.92 light-years away. Gliese 908 : Also known as V840 Cygni, situated around 22.29 light-years away. Gliese 752 : Also known as BD+02°3375, it's located approximately 22.57 light-years away. Gliese 117 : Also known as BD+43°4305, it's about 23.31 light-years away. Gliese 35 : Also known as BD-05°1844, it's around 23.51 light-years away. Gliese 559 : Also known as BD+47°3379, located approximately 23.61 light-years away. Gliese 369 : Also known as BD+75°325, it's about 23.69 light-years away. Gliese 372 : Also known as BD+35°3291, located approximately 23.70 light-years away. Gliese 109 : Also known as BD+63°1985, it's about 23.84 light-years away. Gliese 349 : Also known as BD+58°419, located approximately 23.88 light-years away. Gliese 12 : Also known as CD-44°163, situated around 24.33 light-years away. Gliese 22 : Also known as BD+16°1608, it's approximately 24.55 light-years away. Gliese 700 : Also known as CD-53°163, located about 24.70 light-years away. Gliese 735 : Also known as BD+36°1987, situated around 24.71 light-years away. Gliese 35 : Also known as BD+05°1780, it's approximately 24.74 light-years away. Gliese 799 : Also known as BD+28°3133, located about 24.84 light-years away. Gliese 350 : Also known as BD+27°2591, situated around 24.91 light-years away. Gliese 389 : Also known as BD+22°1950, it's approximately 25.00 light-years away. Gliese 424 : Also known as CD-38°161, located about 25.09 light-years away. Gliese 427 : Also known as BD+36°2107, situated around 25.16 light-years away. Gliese 12 : Also known as CD-44°161, part of the Gliese 12 binary system. Gliese 22: Also known as BD+16°1608, part of the Gliese 22 binary system. Gliese 700 : Also known as CD-53°163, part of the Gliese 700 binary system. Gliese 735 : Also known as BD+36°1987, part of the Gliese 735 binary system. Gliese 35 : Also known as BD+05°1780, part of the Gliese 35 binary system. Gliese 799 : Also known as BD+28°3133, part of the Gliese 799 binary system. Gliese 350 : Also known as BD+27°2591, part of the Gliese 350 binary system. Gliese 389 : Also known as BD+22°1950, part of the Gliese 389 binary system. Gliese 424 : Also known as CD-38°161, part of the Gliese 424 binary system. Gliese 427 : Also known as BD+36°2107, part of the Gliese 427 binary system. Gliese 86 : Also known as BD+48°2045, it's approximately 25.30 light-years away. Gliese 545 : Also known as BD+04°2466, located about 25.38 light-years away. Other Articles..... STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-452b KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Black Hole A black hole is an extremely dense region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape its grasp. It forms when a massive star collapses, creating a point called a singularity surrounded by an event horizon, beyond which nothing can return. Black holes come in various sizes, including stellar-mass and supermassive black holes. What is Black Hole and how Black Hole forms? Today we will talk about black holes, first let us know how black holes are formed, to keep a star in balance, its gravitational force pushes it inwards and the nuclear fusion taking place in its center pushes it outwards. And with the help of these two pushing forces, the star remains under control. But when the helium gas inside the star starts getting exhausted then the nuclear energy of the star gradually gets exhausted, then gradually the star becomes a red giant, at this time the fusion happening on the star which prevents the gravity from pushing it inside. The force is no longer there and due to gravity the star seems to shrink in on itself and a time comes when the center of the star cannot handle so much gas and a big explosion occurs which we call a supernova, and at the end of the supernova A black hole is formed in A black hole has so much mass that even light gets trapped in front of its gravity and it also absorbs light into itself. Black hole is the center of an infinite mass around which there is a ring like event horizon. Original image of Black hole in i.c.1, explanation of black hole formation i.c.2 i.c.1 Black Hole event horizon. i.c.1 Black Hole formation. Time travel using Black Hole? I hope you have understood what a black hole is and how it is formed. There are many more questions about black holes for which we do not have answers, what is inside a black hole?, where do things go inside a black hole?, does it have an alternative white hole?, do all these things come out of the white hole? Does it come?, Can a black hole take us to our past or make us travel through time? We have not been able to find the answer to this mystery. Suppose we have detected a black hole, yet the nearest black hole is also 1560 light years away from us! If we travel at the speed of light, it will be approximately 1560 years and we can travel in space at the speed of light. Couldn't even find any solution. So as of today it is not possible to reach a black hole. But what's the point in believing, so let's take time and even if we reach the black hole, there will be many more difficulties in front of us, which I will tell you later. You all must have seen the movie Interstellar, in which a planet is shown which is very close to the black hole and we all know that the black hole has infinite mass and its space-time curvature is also very high, meaning it is very close to the black hole. Even spending a little time is a lot of years according to Earth, it is shown in this movie that 1 hour spent on Miller's Planet is equal to 7 years on Earth. And we call this effect time dilation. But we have to go inside it, not around it, and if the black hole also pulls the light inside itself, then we will have to travel at a speed faster than the light, there is another twist in this, we will first go to the event horizon of the black hole where all the things It starts rotating around the black hole, if we can survive there then we can reach inside the black hole, but we do not even know what is inside the black hole. So if we cross all these things then we can go inside the black hole. Scientists speculate that a black hole may act like a worm hole, just like the one shown in Interstellar. If you also want such an article like Worm Hole, then subscribe to the website so that you get the notification of that article. Now you can understand how complex the black hole is and we have not been able to solve the entire mystery of the black hole yet. i.c.3 Black hole event horizon. i.c.4 Black hole curvature comparison i.c.5 Black hole time travel. Black Hole images Other Articles.... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop Parallel World Travel Age of our Universe Zombie Planets

TRAPPIST-1 TRAPPIST-1 is a star system located about 39 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Aquarius. It gained significant attention and interest in the scientific community and the public due to the discovery of seven Earth-sized exoplanets orbiting the ultra-cool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1. Here's a detailed explanation of the TRAPPIST-1 system, including information about its characteristics, the potential for atmosphere, and the search for extraterrestrial life or aliens 1. Characteristics of TRAPPIST-1: Star Type: TRAPPIST-1 is an ultra-cool dwarf star classified as an M8V-type star. It is much cooler and smaller than our Sun, with a surface temperature of about 2,550 degrees Celsius (4,622 degrees Fahrenheit). Number of Exoplanets: The TRAPPIST-1 system is known to host seven exoplanets. These exoplanets are designated as TRAPPIST-1b, c, d, e, f, g, and h. They were discovered through the transit method, which involves observing the periodic dimming of the star's light as the planets pass in front of it. Habitability Zone: Several of the exoplanets in the TRAPPIST-1 system are located within the habitable zone, also known as the Goldilocks zone. This is the region around a star where conditions might be suitable for liquid water to exist on the planets' surfaces, a key factor for potential habitability. 2. Atmosphere of TRAPPIST-1 Exoplanets: Information about the specific composition and characteristics of the atmospheres of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets is not fully known. Detecting and characterizing exoplanet atmospheres is a challenging task that requires advanced telescopes and instruments. Astronomers have conducted studies to analyze the potential atmospheres of these exoplanets. The presence of atmospheres would be an essential factor in determining their habitability and potential for hosting life. 3. The Search for Extraterrestrial Life or Aliens: The discovery of seven Earth-sized exoplanets in the TRAPPIST-1 system, especially those within the habitable zone, has made TRAPPIST-1 a significant target in the search for extraterrestrial life. The habitable zone is a region where conditions might be right for liquid water to exist, a key ingredient for life as we know it. The search for extraterrestrial life involves looking for signs of habitability and biomarkers, such as the presence of water, oxygen, and methane, in exoplanet atmospheres. It also involves the study of planetary conditions, including surface temperature and radiation levels, to assess the potential for life to thrive. While the discovery of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets is exciting, the actual presence of extraterrestrial life remains purely speculative. The search for life beyond Earth is an ongoing scientific endeavor, and it requires more advanced technology and instruments, including next-generation telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope, to provide more insights. 4. The Possibility of Aliens: The term "aliens" typically refers to intelligent extraterrestrial beings. While the search for microbial life or even simple life forms is a primary focus in astrobiology, the search for intelligent civilizations, often referred to as the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), remains an active area of research. SETI involves listening for radio signals or other types of communication from advanced civilizations in the universe. So far, no definitive evidence of extraterrestrial intelligent life or aliens has been found. Comparison with Solar System The TRAPPIST-1 system and our solar system are two different planetary systems in the Milky Way galaxy. While both contain multiple celestial bodies, there are significant differences between them. Here's a comparison of the TRAPPIST-1 system and our solar system: Number of Stars: Solar System: Our solar system is a single-star system, with the Sun as the central star. TRAPPIST-1 System: The TRAPPIST-1 system is a multi-star system, consisting of a red dwarf star called TRAPPIST-1 and at least seven confirmed planets orbiting it. Central Star: Solar System: The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star (a yellow dwarf). TRAPPIST-1 System: TRAPPIST-1 is an M-type dwarf star, which is much cooler and less massive than the Sun. Planetary Orbits: Solar System: In the solar system, planets have relatively stable, nearly circular orbits. TRAPPIST-1 System: The TRAPPIST-1 planets have much closer orbits to their star, with some being in the habitable zone. These orbits are closer to their star compared to most planets in our solar system. Planetary Composition: Solar System: The planets in our solar system have diverse compositions. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are rocky, while the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are gas giants or ice giants. TRAPPIST-1 System: The TRAPPIST-1 planets are believed to be rocky, similar to the inner planets in our solar system. Some may have liquid water on their surfaces. Habitability: Solar System: Earth, in our solar system, is the only known planet with conditions suitable for life as we know it. TRAPPIST-1 System: Some of the TRAPPIST-1 planets are in the habitable zone, where liquid water could exist. This makes them potential candidates for studying the possibility of life beyond Earth. Number of Planets: Solar System: Our solar system has eight recognized planets, with Pluto being classified as a dwarf planet. TRAPPIST-1 System: At least seven planets have been discovered in the TRAPPIST-1 system. Planetary Sizes: Solar System: The planets in our solar system vary in size from small rocky planets like Mercury to massive gas giants like Jupiter. TRAPPIST-1 System: The TRAPPIST-1 planets are thought to be similar in size to Earth and its neighboring planets. Exploration: Solar System: Our solar system has been extensively explored by spacecraft, including missions to all eight recognized planets, numerous moons, and even a few asteroids and comets. TRAPPIST-1 System: As of my knowledge cutoff date in September 2021, the TRAPPIST-1 system had been observed and studied from a distance through telescopes, but no direct spacecraft missions had been sent to explore it. Related Articles....... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-452b KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b

Aditya L-1 - Exploration of SUN Unraveling the Cosmic Tapestry: Chandra X-ray Observatory's Saga ​ In the grand cosmic theater, where the universe dons its most enigmatic costumes, the Chandra X-ray Observatory stands as humanity's eye into the unseen realms. Launched by NASA in 1999, Chandra has been an unrivaled pioneer, deciphering the universe's secrets encoded in X-ray frequencies. In this comprehensive exploration, we embark on a captivating journey, unveiling the multifaceted story of Chandra – its functions, motives, structure, historic milestones, and the mesmerizing discoveries that have reshaped our understanding of the cosmos. ​ X-ray Vision: Chandra's Functions and Motive Unveiling Cosmic Hotspots Chandra's primary function is to observe high-energy X-rays emanating from celestial objects. By capturing these elusive rays, it unveils the hottest, most dynamic regions of the universe, revealing details invisible to other telescopes. ​ Decoding Stellar Life Cycles From supernova remnants to pulsars and black holes, Chandra plays a crucial role in decoding the life cycles of stellar objects. It's a cosmic detective, providing insights into the birth, evolution, and demise of stars. ​ Probing Galactic Nuclei Chandra's gaze extends to the hearts of galaxies, where supermassive black holes reside. By studying the radiation emitted from these active galactic nuclei, scientists gain essential clues about the cosmic processes at play. ​ Charting the Cosmic Web Chandra contributes to mapping the large-scale structure of the universe, uncovering the vast cosmic web formed by the distribution of hot gas between galaxies. ​ Engineering Marvel: The Structure of Chandra X-ray Observatory Mirrors of Precision Chandra's mirrors are coated with a thin layer of iridium, a choice that enhances reflectivity in the X-ray range. Nested mirrors, rather than traditional lenses, focus the incoming X-rays onto detectors with exceptional precision. Space-Resilient Design Crafted to endure the rigors of space, Chandra orbits Earth in an elliptical trajectory, minimizing interference from the planet's radiation belts. This resilient design ensures the telescope's longevity and sustained scientific contributions. Chronicles of Chandra: A Historic Journey Launch into the Unknown Chandra embarked on its cosmic odyssey aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia on July 23, 1999. Named after the astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, the telescope began its mission to unravel the mysteries of the X-ray universe. Milestones and Legacy Throughout its journey, Chandra has left an indelible mark on astrophysics. From confirming the existence of dark energy to identifying numerous neutron stars, its discoveries have rewritten the cosmic narrative. Conclusion: Chandra's Ongoing Odyssey As we reflect on the cosmic voyage of the Chandra X-ray Observatory, we recognize its indispensable role in reshaping our cosmic comprehension. The observatory continues to unravel the X-ray mysteries, painting a vivid portrait of the universe's hidden intricacies. "X-ray Pioneers" pays homage to the brilliance of Chandra – a beacon illuminating the celestial darkness, guiding us into the depths of the cosmos where new revelations await discovery. Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Zombie Planets Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1 Osiris-REx Mission Chandra X-Ray Observatory Chandrayan-3

2019 Space Discoveries The cosmic web revealed Every galaxy in the universe is a pit stop on a long highway of gas known as the cosmic web. Each road, or "filament," on this intergalactic interstate is made of hydrogen left over from the Big Bang ; where large quantities of hydrogen converge, clusters of galaxies appear in the dark sea of space. The web is too faint to see with the naked eye, but in October, astronomers photographed a piece of it for the first time ever. Using the faint ultraviolet glow of a distant galaxy as backlighting, the image shows blue strands of hydrogen crisscrossing through space 12 billion light-years away, connecting bright white galaxies in its path. The plasma shield that guards the realms of men There is a violent clash unfolding at the frontier of our solar system . Billions of miles from the solar system's center, crackling solar wind collides with powerful cosmic rays at a boundary called the heliopause. When NASA's twin Voyager probes passed through the region and entered interstellar space last year, astronomers saw that the heliopause is not just a symbolic boundary; it's also a physical wall of soupy plasma that deflects and dilutes the worst of the incoming radiation. This plasma "shield," as it's described in a Nov. 4 study, may deflect about 70% of cosmic rays from entering our solar system. You could call it the shield that guards the realms of men. (You won't find White Walkers on the other side, but you will find some white dwarfs.) Radio bubbles in the galaxy's gut The Fermi Bubbles are twin blobs of high-energy gas ballooning out of both poles of the Milky Way 's center, stretching into space for 25,000 light-years apiece (roughly the same as the distance between Earth and the center of the Milky Way). The bubbles are thought to be a few million years old and likely have something to do with a giant explosion from our galaxy's central black hole — but observations are scarce, as they are typically only visible to ultrapowerful gamma-ray and X-ray telescopes. This September, however, astronomers detected the bubbles in radio waves for the first time, revealing large quantities of energetic gas moving through the bubbles, possibly fueling them to grow even larger, according to the scientists' report in the journal Nature. Fermi's chimneys A whole new era of space science began on Christmas Day 2021 with the successful launch of the world's next major telescope. NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency are collaborating on the $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), a project more than three decades in the making. Space telescopes take a long time to plan and assemble: The vision for this particular spacecraft began before its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope, had even launched into Earth orbit. Whereas Hubble orbits a few hundred miles from Earth's surface, JWST is heading to an observational perch located about a million miles from our planet. The telescope began its journey towards this spot, called the Earth-sun Lagrange Point 2 (L2), on Dec. 25, 2021 at 7:20 a.m. EST (1220 GMT) when an Ariane 5 rocket launched the precious payload from Europe's Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana. The telescope will help astronomers answer questions about the evolution of the universe and provide a deeper understanding about the objects found in our very own solar system. Planet in a dead star's thrall When a typical sun runs out of fuel and collapses, it may become a white dwarf — the compact, crystalline corpse of a star. If that star had any planets orbiting around it, chances are they were either obliterated in the star's final growth spurt (Earth will likely be engulfed by our sun in its final years) or sucked up and destroyed by the white dwarf's intense gravity. However, in early December, astronomers discovered an intact planet orbiting a white dwarf star for the first time ever. Spotted about 2,040 light-years from Earth, the white dwarf system seems to be emitting a strange combo of gases that could be a Neptune-like planet slowly evaporating as it circles the dead sun once every 10 days. The study adds major evidence to the theory that dead stars can host planets (at least temporarily). Solar tsunamis The Parker Solar Probe's record-setting approach to the sun made this year's biggest solar science headlines, but arguably the most epic sun study came months earlier, in February, according to scientists writing in the journal Scientific Reports. The researchers described a solar phenomenon called "terminator events " — basically, cataclysmic magnetic-field collisions at the sun's equator. More epic still, the authors wrote, these collisions may result in twin tsunamis of plasma tearing across the star's surface at 1,000 feet (300 meters) per second in both directions. These gargantuan (though still theoretical) solar tsunamis could last for weeks at a time and may occur every decade or so. The next one could be due in early 2020, the authors wrote, which would give the Parker probe something truly gnarly to behold. Black hole babies from the early universe In March, Japanese astronomers searched for baby pictures of the universe by turning their telescope to a corner of space 13 billion light-years away. There, they spied 83 previously undiscovered supermassive black holes dating to the early days of the universe. The holes — actually a bunch of quasars , or huge, luminous disks of gases and dust that surround supermassive black holes — were around as few as 800 million years after the Big Bang, making them some of the earliest objects ever detected. The composite image of all 83 quasars (above) may not be as cute as your own baby pictures, but it's arguably way cooler. Renegade star flees rare black hole In September, astronomers detected one of the fastest renegade stars ever recorded, fleeing across the Milky Way at 1.2 million mph (2 million km/h). Most stars moving at such blazing speeds are usually the survivors of a binary system that got ripped in half by a supermassive black hole or exploding supernova, but this speedy sun appeared to be different. After tracking the star's velocity and trajectory, researchers determined that it seemed to have suffered a run-in with a mid-mass black hole — that is, a black hole with hundreds to hundreds of thousands of times the mass of the sun (as opposed to a supermassive black hole , which can be millions or billions of times the sun's mass). This theoretical type of black hole has never been observed before, and scientists have never found convincing evidence that they actually exist. Now, one speedy star might shine the way to the proof that scientists have been looking for. Fast radio burst followed home Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are intensely bright, vanishingly brief pulses of radio energy that constantly zip across the universe like invisible bullets. What are they, exactly — belches of radiation from supermassive black holes? The pulses of alien spaceship engines ? Scientists don't know for sure, but a team of researchers came closer to solving the puzzle in June when they tracked an FRB across space and time to its precise origins for the first time ever. Using a radio telescope array in the Australian outback, the researchers found the burst in question (which lasted a fraction of a millisecond) originated from a Milky Way-size galaxy about 3.6 billion light-years from Earth, which was no longer producing fresh stars. These results show that FRBs can form in a variety of cosmic environments (and that aliens still can't be ruled out).

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Planetary System Interesting facts and information about object of our solar system. Heliocentric System Welcome visitors to your site with a short, engaging introduction. Double click to edit and add your own text. View Map Trappist-1 System Welcome visitors to your site with a short, engaging introduction. Double click to edit and add your own text. View Map

Hubble's Discoveries This is your About Page. It's a great opportunity to give a full background on who you are, what you do and what your website has to offer. Double click on the text box to start editing your content and make sure to add all the relevant details you want to share with site visitors. Presenter please note: Much of the discussion in these slides, and most of the public’s attention, is focused on Hubble’s enormous repertoire of images. Here is a montage of some of Hubble’s best images that symbolize the breadth and depth of Hubble observations and the research being done. ​ In each image that follows, a timeline (shown here) will be shown so that viewers have an appreciation for how far away the object is and how long it takes for the light to travel to Hubble from that object.

Hubble's Galaxies Our Sun is just one of a vast number of stars within a galaxy called the Milky Way, which in turn is only one of the billions of galaxies in our universe. These massive cosmic neighborhoods, made up of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity, come in a variety of sizes, from dwarf galaxies containing as few as 100 million stars to giant galaxies of more than a trillion stars. Spiral Galaxies Spiral galaxies have winding spiral arms that make them look a little like massive pinwheels. These disks of stars, gas, and dust have bright bulges in their centers made up primarily of older and dimmer stars. Their whirled arms are typically full of gas and dust, which helps give rise to the bright, younger stars visible throughout their length. Spiral galaxies are actively forming stars and make up a large amount of all the galaxies in our nearby universe. Spiral galaxies can be further divided into two groups: normal spirals and barred spirals. In barred spirals, a bar of stars runs through the central bulge of the galaxy. The arms of barred spirals usually start at the end of the bar instead of the bulge. Our Milky Way is thought to be a barred spiral galaxy. ​ Elliptical Galaxies Elliptical galaxies are the biggest and most common galaxies in our universe. The shapes of these galaxies range from circular to very elongated. Galaxies are thought to form and grow by collisions and mergers, and elliptical galaxies may be the ultimate result of this process, which explains why they are so abundant. Compared to other types of galaxies, elliptical galaxies have smaller portions of gas and dust, contain older stars, and don’t form many new stars. The largest and rarest of these galaxies – known as giant ellipticals – are about 300,000 light-years across. More commonly spotted are dwarf ellipticals, which in comparison are only a few thousand light-years wide. ​ ​ Irregular Galaxies Irregular galaxies don’t contain much dust, and lack a defined shape. Astronomers often see irregular galaxies as they peer deeply into the universe. These galaxies are abundant in the early universe, in the era before spirals and ellipticals developed. As irregular galaxies collide and merge with other galaxies throughout time, they are thought to develop structure and become the spiral and elliptical galaxies we see in today’s universe. In addition to these three big categories, astronomers have also observed many unusually shaped galaxies that appear to be in a transitory or “in-between” phase of galactic evolution, including galaxies that are colliding or interacting with each other , pulled together by gravity. Hubble's Galaxy Gallery

Dark Energy In the late 1990s, astronomers found evidence that the expansion of the universe was not slowing down due to gravity as expected. Instead, the expansion speed was increasing. Something had to be powering this accelerating universe and, in part due to its unknown nature, this “something” was called dark energy. What Is Dark Energy? In the late 1990s, astronomers found evidence that the expansion of the universe was not slowing down due to gravity as expected. Instead, the expansion speed was increasing. Something had to be powering this accelerating universe and, in part due to its unknown nature, this “something” was called dark energy. Hubble plays an important role in verifying, characterizing and constraining dark energy. Both Hubble and ground-based observations measures a special type of stellar explosion, a white dwarf supernova, to measure accurate distances to galaxies. ​ A galaxy located a billion light-years away provides a data point for the universe as it was a billion years ago. Meanwhile, as the universe expands, the light traveling to Earth from distant galaxies (and their supernovas) is stretched out to longer wavelengths — a phenomenon called cosmological redshift. The cosmological redshifts of galaxies at different distances provides a history of the expansion of the universe over time. However, only Hubble had the resolution to extend these observations to very distant galaxies. The discovery of supernova 1997ff, located about 10 billion light-years away, provided evidence for dark energy. About halfway into the universe’s history — several billion years ago — dark energy became dominant and the expansion accelerated. While ground-based studies had measured this accelerating period, Hubble’s observation of 1997ff stretched back to the decelerating part of the expansion. This shift between two different eras of the universe — a change from a decelerating universe to an accelerating universe — showed that dark energy exists. Hubble continued to explore the nature of dark energy with observations such as the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS), structured to help uncover distant supernovas. The 42 supernovas found by Hubble not only solidified the conclusions about dark energy, but also began to constrain some of its possible explanations. Later Hubble results identified how early in the universe dark energy began to influence the expansion as well as constrained the current expansion rate. ​ The view that emerged was that dark energy was consistent with the slow, steady force of Einstein’s cosmological constant, a concept that the physicist had initially introduced into his equations to prevent his theoretical universe from collapsing, then later retracted when the expansion of the universe was discovered. But instead of holding the universe in a steady state, dark energy is pushing outward to expand the universe faster and faster. The discovery of dark energy was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011. Astronomers now know that there is much more to the universe than meets the eye. The luminous and non-luminous normal matter makes up about 4 percent of the total mass and energy density of the universe. Dark matter, which emits no light and cannot be directly observed, comprises another 24 percent of the total, while dark energy dominates with about 72 percent. Most of the universe is unknown and only indirectly detected. We can see its effects on galaxies and the expansion of the universe, but we have yet to identify the underlying source. That may seem unsettling, but to a scientist, it is exciting. There are more great mysteries to explore and solve! The universe is expanding, and that expansion stretches light traveling through space in a phenomenon known as cosmological redshift. The greater the redshift, the greater the distance the light has traveled. Within the Hubble Deep Field-North region, astronomers pinpointed a blaze of light from one of the farthest supernovas ever seen. In a close-up view of that region (left) a white arrow points to a faint elliptical, the home of the exploding SN 1997ff. The supernova itself (right) is distinguished by the white dot in the center. This diagram reveals changes in the rate of expansion since the universe's birth 15 billion years ago. The more shallow the curve, the faster the rate of expansion. The curve changes noticeably about 7.5 billion years ago, when objects in the universe began flying apart as a faster rate. Astronomers theorize that the faster expansion rate is due to a mysterious, dark force that is pulling galaxies apart. This image is a portion of the GOODS-North field. The field features approximately 15,000 galaxies, about 12,000 of which are forming stars. Hubble’s ultraviolet vision opened a new window on the evolving universe, tracking the birth of stars over the last 11 billion years back to the cosmos’ busiest star-forming period about 3 billion years after the big bang. Spiral galaxy NGC 3021 (background) was one of several hosts of Type Ia supernovae observed by astronomers to refine the measure of the universe's expansion rate, called the Hubble constant. Hubble made precise measurements of Cepheid variable stars in the galaxy, highlighted by green circles in the inset boxes. Other Articles...... Zombie Planets Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Chandrayaan-3: India's Next Lunar Odyssey India has made remarkable strides in space exploration over the past few decades, and one of its most ambitious projects is the Chandrayaan series. Following the success of Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is gearing up for the next mission in this lunar exploration series - Chandrayaan-3. This article explores the history, objectives, budget, and significance of Chandrayaan-3. Introduction India has made remarkable strides in space exploration over the past few decades, and one of its most ambitious projects is the Chandrayaan series. Following the success of Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is gearing up for the next mission in this lunar exploration series - Chandrayaan-3. This article explores the history, objectives, budget, and significance of Chandrayaan-3. History of Chandrayan Missions Chandrayaan-1, India's maiden lunar mission, was launched in October 2008. It made significant contributions to lunar science by discovering water molecules on the moon's surface and mapping its topography. Despite a shorter-than-expected mission life, Chandrayaan-1 marked a monumental achievement for ISRO. ​ Chandrayaan-2, launched in July 2019, was India's second lunar exploration mission and aimed to further our understanding of the moon. It included an orbiter, a lander (Vikram), and a rover (Pragyan). While the lander failed to make a soft landing, the orbiter continues to provide valuable data about the moon. ​ Chandrayaan-3: The Next Frontier ​ Chandrayaan-3 is the much-anticipated follow-up mission in India's lunar exploration program. The primary objective of Chandrayaan-3 is to successfully land a rover on the moon's surface, building upon the experience and technology developed during Chandrayaan-2. ​ Key Objectives of Chandrayaan-3: Lunar Surface Exploration: Chandrayaan-3 will carry a rover to explore the moon's surface, collecting valuable data about its geology, mineral composition, and topography. Scientific Research: The rover will conduct scientific experiments to enhance our understanding of the moon's history and evolution, helping unravel mysteries about our closest celestial neighbor. International Collaboration: ISRO plans to collaborate with international space agencies and institutions, facilitating the exchange of knowledge and expertise in lunar science and exploration. Budget and Funding The budget for Chandrayaan-3 is estimated to be around $200 million, making it a cost-effective lunar mission compared to many other international counterparts. ISRO has a track record of delivering successful missions within budget constraints, showcasing its efficient use of resources. ​ Challenges and Preparations Landing on the moon is no small feat, and ISRO is well aware of the challenges that lie ahead. Learning from the lessons of Chandrayaan-2, ISRO has undertaken extensive preparations, including rigorous testing and simulation exercises, to ensure the successful soft landing of the rover. ​ The recent advancements in technology and lessons learned from previous missions are expected to enhance the chances of success for Chandrayaan-3. ISRO's commitment to perfection and determination to push the boundaries of space exploration remain unwavering. ​ Significance of Chandrayaan-3 Chandrayaan-3 holds immense significance for India and the global scientific community: Advancing Lunar Exploration: Successful implementation of Chandrayaan-3 will demonstrate India's capabilities in lunar exploration, strengthening its position in the global space community. Scientific Discoveries: The data collected by the rover will contribute to a deeper understanding of the moon's geological history and may provide insights into the broader processes of planetary evolution. International Collaboration: Collaborative efforts with other space agencies foster knowledge exchange, making Chandrayaan-3 a collaborative effort for the betterment of scientific understanding. Conclusion Chandrayaan-3 represents another significant step in India's journey of space exploration, building upon the successes and experiences of previous missions. With its budget-conscious approach, ISRO aims to prove once again that cutting-edge science and technology can be achieved efficiently. As we eagerly await the launch of Chandrayaan-3, the world looks forward to the scientific discoveries and advancements that it will undoubtedly bring to the field of lunar exploration. Chat Section If you have any question ask me here.... Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Zombie Planets Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Spitzer Space Telescope Voyager's Golden Record PIONEER 10 Captured New Horizon Probe Relative Rotation of Planets Sat Aug 05 2023 Hubble's Galaxies Gallery Hubble's Nebulae Gallery Voyager-1 & Voyager-2 Parker Solar Probe Scary Space Hubble Captures James Webb Captures Strangest Planets Black Hole Strangest Galaxies

O-TYPE STAR VFTS102 We present a spectroscopic analysis of an extremely rapidly rotating late O-type star, VFTS102, observed during a spectroscopic survey of 30 Doradus. VFTS102 has a projected rotational velocity larger than 500 km s−1 and probably as large as 600 km s−1; as such it would appear to be the most rapidly rotating massive star currently identified. Its radial velocity differs by 40 km s−1 from the mean for 30 Doradus, suggesting that it is a runaway. By : P. Dufton et al 1. Introduction ​ In recent years the importance of binarity in the evolution of massive stars has been increasingly recognised. This arises from most OB-type stars residing in multiple systems (Mason et al. 2009) and the significant changes to stellar properties that binarity can cause (see, for example, Podsiadlowski et al. 1992; Langer et al. 2008; Eldridge et al. 2011). Here we present a spectroscopic analysis of a rapidly rotating (veq sin i ∼ 600 km s−1) O-type star in the 30 Doradus region of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Designated VFTS102 (Evans et al. 2011, hereafter Paper I)1, the star is rotating more rapidly than any observed in recent large surveys (M artayan et al. 2006; Hunter et al. 2009) and may also be a runaway. It lies less than one arcminute from the X-ray pulsar, PSR J0537-6910, which is moving away from it. We suggest that VFTS102 might originally have been part of a binary system with the progenitor of the pulsar. ​ 2. Observations ​ Spectroscopy of VFTS102 was obtained as part of the VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey, covering the 3980-5050˚A region at a spectral resolving power of 7000 to 8500. Spectroscopy of the Hα region was also available, although this was not used in the quantitative analysis. Details of the observations and initial data reduction are available in Paper I. The spectra were normalised to selected continuum windows using a sigma-clipping rejection algorithm to exclude cosmic rays. No velocity shifts were observed between different epochs, although simulations (see, Sana et al. 2009) indicate that 30% of short period (less 1Aliases include: ST92 1-32; 2MASS J05373924-6909510 –3– than 10 days) and effectively all longer term binaries would not have been detected. We have therefore assumed VFTS102 to be single and the sigma-clipped merged spectrum displays a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 130 and 60 for the 4000-4500 and 4500-5000˚A regions respectively. An O9: Vnnne spectral classification was obtained by smoothing and rebinning the spectrum to an effective resolving power of 4000 and comparing with standards compiled for the Tarantula Survey (Sana et al. in preparation). The principle uncertainties arise from the extremely large rotational broadening and significant nebular contamination of the He I lines, with the two suffixes indicating extreme line broadening (‘nnn’) and an emission-line s tar (‘e’). ​ 3. Analysis 3.1. Projected rotational velocity ​ The large rotational broadening of the spectral features makes reliable measurements of the projected rotational velocity, veq sin i , difficult. We have used a Fourier Transform (FT) approach as discussed by Sim´on-D´ıaz & Herrero (2007), supplemented by fitting rotational broadened profiles (PF) to the observed spectral features. The Balmer lines have significant nebular emission and hence the weaker helium spectra were utilized, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The He I line at 4471˚A, although well observed, also showed significant nebular emission and was not analysed. By contrast the line at 4026˚A showed no evidence of emission and yielded a plausible minimum in the Fourier Transform for a veq sin i of 560 km s−1. The PF methodology leads to a slightly higher estimate (580 km s−1). The He I lines at 4143 and 4387˚A were observed although they are relatively weak. They and the line at 4026˚A were converted into velocity space, merged and analysed. The two methodologies yielded effectively identical estimates of 640 km s−1; a similar procedure was undertaken for the He II lines at 4200 and 4541˚A yielding 540 km s−1 (FT) and 510 km s−1 (PF). The He II line at 4686˚A was found to be sensitive to the normalisation with a veq sin i of ∼560 km s−1 being estimated. The individual results should be treated with caution but overall they imply that this star is rotating near to its critical velocity, with the mean value for the FT estimates being 580 km s−1. As discussed by Townsend et al. (2004), projected rotational velocities may be underestimated at these large velocities. For a B0 star rotating at 95% of the critical velocity, this underestimation will be approximately 10%. Hence our best estimate for the projected rotational velocity is ∼600 km s−1. A lower limit of 500 km s−1 has been adopted, whilst the upper value will be constrained by the critical velocity of approximately 700 km s−1 from the models of Brott et al. (2011). This estimate is significantly higher than those (! 370 km s−1) found by Martayan et al. (2006) and Hunter et al. (2009) in their LMC B-type stellar samples. It is also larger than any of the preliminary estimates (!450 km s−1) for ∼ 270 B-type stars in the Tarantula survey, although other rapidly rotating O-type stars have been identified. As such it would appear to have the highest projected rotational velocity estimate of any massive star yet analysed. ​ 3.2. Radial velocity ​ Radial velocities were measured by cross-correlating spectral features against a theoretical template spectrum taken from a grid calculated using the code TLUSTY Hubeny (1988) – see Dufton et al. (20 05) for details. Five spectral regions were considered, viz. Hδ and Hγ (with the cores excluded); He I at 4026˚A; 4630-4700˚A with strong multiplets due to C III and O II and an He II line; 4000-4500˚A (with nebular emission being excluded). The measurements are in excellent agreement with a mean value of 228±12 km s−1; if the error distribution is normally distributed the uncertainty in this mean value would be 6 km s−1. From a study of ∼180 presumably single O-type stars in the Tarantula survey Sana et al. (in preparation) find a mean velocity of 271 km s−1 with a standard deviation of 10 km s−1. Preliminary analysis of the B-type stars in the same survey has yielded 270±17 km s−1. VFTS102 lies more than two standard deviations away from these results, implying that it might be a runaway. ​ 3.3. Atmospheric parameters ​ While the equatorial regions of VFTS102 will have a lower gravity than the poles (because of centrifugal forces), and hence a lower temperature (because of von Zeipel gravity darkening), we first characterise the spectrum by comparison with those generated with spatially homogeneous models, convol ved with a simple rotational-broadening function. We have used both our TLUSTY grid and FASTWIND calculations (Puls et al. 2005), adopting an LMC chemical composition. For the former, the strength of the He II spectrum implies an effective temperature (Teff) of ∼32500–35000 K, whilst the wings of the Balmer lines lead to a surface-gravity estimate of ∼3.5 dex (cgs). For the latter after allowing for wind effects, the corresponding parameters are 37000 K and 3.7 dex. The helium spectra are consistent with a solar abundance but with the observational and theoretical uncertainties we cannot rule out an enhancement. Given its projected equatorial rotation velocity, VFTS102 is almost certainly viewed at sin i ∼ 1. Hence the relatively cool, low-gravity equatorial regions will contribute significantly to the spectrum. Although their surface flux is lower than for the brighter poles, the analyses discussed above may underestimate the global effective temperature and gravity. However, the rotating-star models discussed below suggest that the effects are not very large. We therefore adopt global estimates for the effective temperature of 36000 K and 3.6 dex but note that the polar gravity could be as large as 4.0 dex. Varying the global parameters by the error estimates listed in Table 1 leads to significantly poorer matches between observation and the standard models, but, given the caveats discussed above, those errors should still be treated with caution. For near critical rotational velocities, the stellar mass can be estimated. Howarth & Smith (2001) show that the stellar mass can be written in terms of ω/ωc 2, veq and the polar radius. Assuming that sin i ∼ 1 and adopting the critical velocities from our single star models, we can estimate the first two quantities. Additionally for any given value of ω/ωc, the polar radius can be inferred from the absolute visual magnitude and the unreddened (B-V). The former can be estimated from the luminosity (see Sect. 3.4) and the latter from our effective temperature estimate and the LMC broad-band intensities calculated by Howarth (2011). We find M " 20 M# for veq ∼ 600 km s−1 and Teff ! 38000 K. Only by adopting a smaller value for veq can we push the mass limit down, but even with veq ∼ 500 km s−1 the mass must exceed ∼17M#. ​ 3.4. Luminosity ​ From extant photometry (see Paper I), the (B-V) colour of VFTS102 is 0.35, implying an E(B-V) of 0.6 using colours calculated from our TLUSTY grid. Adopting a standard reddening law leads to a lo garithmic luminosity (in solar units) of 5.0 dex, with an E(B-V) error of ±0.1 corresponding to an uncertainty of ±0.1 dex. However there are other possible sources of error, for example deviations from a standard reddening law and hence we have adopted a larger random error estimate of ±0.2 dex. 2The ratio of the equatorial angular velocity to that at which the centrifugal acceleration equals the gravitational acceleration. As VFTS102 is an Oe-type star, its intrinsic colours may be redder than predicted by our TLUSTY grid and indeed an infrared excess is found from published (de-reddened) 2MASS photometry. Inspection of a K-band VISTA image shows no evidence of contamination by nearby sources. Further evidence for circumstellar material is found in the strong Hα emission, which is double peaked as is the nearby He I line at 6678˚A, which supports our adoption of a sin i ∼ 1. Additionally there are weak double-peaked Fe II emission features (e.g. at 4233˚A), consistent with an Oe-type classification. Unfortunately our photometry and spectroscopy are not contemporaneous but if VFTS102 was in a high state when the optical photometry was taken, we may have overestimated the luminosity of the central star (see de Wit et al. 2006, for colour and magnitude variations of Be stars). ​ 4. Past and future evolution ​ Stellar evolution calculations for both single and binary stars are available in the literature (see Maeder & Meynet 2011). For very fast rotation, they suggest that rotational mixing is so efficient that stars may evolve quasi-chemically homogeneously (Maeder 1987; Woosley & Heger 2006; Cantiello et al. 2007 ; de Mink et al. 2009; Brott et al. 2011). However, with different physical assumptions, models do not evolve chemically homogeneously even for the fastest rotation rates (Cantiello et al. 2007; Ekstr¨om et al. 2008). ​ 4.1. Single star evolution ​ Fig. 2 illustrates evolutionary tracks for LMC single stars calculated using the methodology of Brott et al. (2011) for an initial equatorial rotational velocity of 600 km s−1, together with that for a more slowly rotating model. The former are evolving chemically homogeneously whilst the latter follows a ‘normal’ evolutionary path. Ekstr¨om et al. (2008) calculated models for a range of metallicities and masses between 3 and 60 M# but found that the stars followed normal evolutionary paths even for near critical rotational velocities. The estimated parameters of VFTS102 are consistent with our tracks for initial masses of ∼20-30 M#. Our models show a relatively rapid increase in the surface helium abundance due to their homogeneous evolution. For example the 25 M# model shows an enrichment of a factor of two after approximately 4 million years and when the effective temperature has increased to approximately 39000 K. By contrast the models of Ekstr¨om et al. (2008) show no significant helium abundance implying that an accurate helium abundance estimate for VFTS102 would help constrain the physical assumptions. –7– ​ 4.2. Binary star evolution ​ Below, we first discuss the environment of VFTS102 and then consider a possible evolutionary scen a rio. ​ 4.2.1. A pulsar near VFTS102 ​ VFTS102 lies in a complex environment near the open cluster NGC 2060. In particular it lies close to a young X-ray pulsar PSR J0537-6910 (Marshall et al. 1998) and the Crab-like supernova remnant B0538-691 (Micelotta et al. 2009). VFTS102 has an angular separation of approximately 0.8 arcminutes from PSR J0537-6910 implying a spatial separation (in the plane of the sky) of approximately 12 pc. The X-ray emission consists of a pulsed localised component and a more spatially diffuse component, with the latter providing the majority of the energy. The diffuse component was identified in ROSAT and ASCA observations by Wang & Gotthelf (1998a) and interpreted as coming from ram-pressure-confined material with the X-ray pulsar being identified soon afterwards by Marshall et al. (1998). Wang & Gotthelf (1998b) analysed ROSAT HRI observations and suggested that the emission could come from the remnants of a bow shock if the pulsar was moving with a velocity of ∼1000 km s−1. Wang et al. (2001) subsequently analysed higher spatial resolution CHANDRA observations, which clearly delineated this emission and implied that the pulsar was moving away from VFTS102. Fig. 3 superimposes these emission contours onto an HST optical image with VFTS102 being near the tail of these contours. As discussed by Wang et al. (2001) the spatial distribution of the diffuse X-ray emission and the SNR optical emission are well correlated. Differences probably arise from a foreground dark cloud and photoionization and mechanical energy input from the nearby open cluster. Timing measurements imply that the pulsar has a characteristic age of 5000 years (Marshall et al. 1998), consistent with the age estimate of Wang & Gotthelf (1998b) from analysis of X-ray emission. Spyrou & Stergioulas (2002) discuss the estimation of ages from spin rates and find the results to be sensitive to both the breaking index and the composition of the pulsar core. Indeed phase connected braking index measurements for young pulsars (see Zhang et al. 2001, and references therein) yield breaking indices lower than the n=3 normally adopted with corresponding increases in the characteristic ages. Additionally, Chu et al. (1992) found an age of approximately 24000 years from the kinematics of the supernova remnant. Adopting an age of 5000 years would imply that if these objects had been part of a binary system, their relative velocity (vs ) in the plane of the sky would be approximately 2500 km s−1. Increasing this age to 24000 years would then imply vs ∼ 500 km s−1. These values although large are consistent with a pulsar velocity of 1000 km s−1 in the model of Wang & Gotthelf (1998b) and of ∼600 km s−1 from the separation of the diffuse X-ray and radio emission (Wang et al. 2001). Additionally Hobbs et al. (2005) found a mean space velocity of approximately 400 km s−1 for a sample of young pulsars with velocities as high as 1600 km s−1. From the theoretical point of view, Stone (1982) found supernova kick velocities normally in excess of 300 km s−1, while more recently Eldridge et al. (2011) estimated kickvelocities for a single neutron star of more than 1000 km s−1with a mean value of ∼500 km s−1. ​ 4.2.2. A binary evolution scenario for VFTS1 02 ​ While the fast rotation of VFTS102 might be the result of the star formation process, it could also have arisen from spin-up due to mass transfer in a binary system (Packet 1981). A subsequent superno va explosion of the donor star could then lead to an anomalous radial velocity for VFTS102 (Blaauw 1961; Stone 1982). The nearby pulsar and supernova remnant make this an attractive scenario. Of course, we cannot eliminate other possible scenarios, e.g. dynamical ejection from a cluster (see Gvaramadze & Gualandris 2011) but it is unclear whether these could produce the very large rotational velocity of VFTS102. Cantiello et al. (2007) have modelled a binary system with initial masses of 15 and 16 M# adopting SMC metallicity. After mass transfer the primary exploded as a type Ib/c supernova. At that stage the secondary has a mass of approximately 21 M#, a rotational velocity close to critical and a logarithmic luminosity of approximately 4.9 dex (see Fig. 2 for its subsequent evolution). These properties closely match the estimates for VFTS102 summarized in Table 1. Based on grids of detailed binary evolutionary models (Wellstein et al. 2001; de Mink et al. 2007), the initial masses of the two components of such a binary system should be comparable, with M2/M1 " 0.7. If the initial mass of the secondary was in the range of 14-18 M#, that of the primary would need to be smaller than about 25 M#. This agrees with the estimated initial mass of the supernova progenitor based on the kinematics of the supernova remnant (Micelotta et al. 2009). In this scenario, it takes the primary star about 11 Myr to evolve to the supernova stage. While the most massive stars in 30 Doradus have ages of a few million years (Walborn et al. 1999), there is also evidence for different massive stellar populations with ages ranging up to about 10 Myr (Walborn & Blades 1997). Recently, De Marchi et al. (2011) have undertaken an extensive study of lower mass (!4 M#) main sequence and pre-main sequence stars in 30 Doradus. They obtain a median age of 12 Myr with ages of up 30 Myr. Hence it would appear possible that the putative binary system formed in the vicinity of 30 Doradus approximately 10 Myr ago and underwent an evolutionary history similar to that modelled by Cantiello et al. (2007). Proper motion information would be extremely valuable to further test this hypothesis. PSR J0537-6910 has not been definitely identified in other wavelength regions. Mignani et al. (2005) using ACS imaging from the Hubble Space telescope found two plausible identifications that would imply an optical luminosity similar to the Crab-like pulsars. A radio survey by Manchester et al. (2006) only yielded an upper limit to its luminosity consistent with other millisecond pulsars. However estimates for both components may be obtained from the HST proper motion study (Programme: 12499; PI: D.J. Lennon) that is currently underway. ​ 4.3. Evolutionary future ​ Irrespective of the origin of VFTS102, it is interesting to consider its likely fate. Stellar evolutionary models of rapidly rotating stars have recently been generated by Woosley & Heger (2006) and Yoon et al. (2006). The latter consider the fate of objects with rotational velocities up to the critical val ue (vc ). The evolution is shown to depend not only on initial mass and rotational velocity but also on the metallicity. In particular GRBs are predicted to occur only at sub-solar metallicities. Based on our single star models, VFTS102 has a rotational velocity above ∼ 0.8vc and is thus expected to evolve quasi-chemically homogeneously. While Yoon et al. (2006) and Woosley & Heger (2006) estimate the metallicity threshold for GRB formation from chemically homogeneous evolution to be somewhat below the LMC metallicity, the latter note its sensitivity to the mass loss rate (Vink & de Koter 2005). Indeed all our most rapidly rotating 20 − 30 M# models are evolving chemically homogeneously throughout core hydrogen burning (Fig. 2), a prerequisite to qualify for a GRB progenitor. In any case, within the context of homogeneous evolution VFTS102 is expected to form a rapidly rotating black hole, and a Type Ic hypernova. This conjecture remains the same within the binary scenario of Cantiello et al. (2007). Assuming a space velocity of 40 km s−1 for VFTS102 (compatible with its anomalous radial velocity), our evolutionary models imply that VFTS102 will travel ∼300-400 pc before ending its life. This is consistent with the finding of Hammer et al. (2006) that the locations of three nearby GRBs were found several hundred parsecs away from their most likely progenitor birth locations (see, however, Margutti et al. 2007; Wiersema et al. 2007; Han et al. 2010). ​ 5. Conclusions ​ VFTS102 has a projected rotational velocity far higher than those found in previous surveys of massive stars in the LMC, and indeed it would appear to qualify as the most rapidly rotating massive star yet identified. With a luminosity of 105 L# we estimate its current mass to be approximately 25 M#. Its extreme rotation, peculiar radial velocity, proximity to the X-ray pulsar PSR J0537-6910 and to a superno va re mnant suggest that the star is the result of binary interaction. It is proposed that VFTS102 and the pulsar originated in a binary system with mass transfer spinning-up VFTS102 and the supernova explosion imparting radial velocity kicks to both components. If evolving chemically homogeneously, as suggested by recent models, VFTS102 could become a GRB or hypernova at the end of its life. Additionally it may provide a critical test case for chemically homogeneous evolution. SdM acknowledges NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF- 51270.01-A awarded by STScI, operated by AURA for NASA, contract NAS 5-26555. NM acknowledges support from the Bulgarian NSF (DO 02-85). We would like to thank Paul Quinn, Stephen Smartt, Jorick Vink and Nolan Walborn for useful discussions. This paper makes use of spectra obtained as part of the VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey (ESO programme 182.D-0222). Facilities VLT:Kueyen (FLAMES) Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop Zombie Planets Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Research Papers Articles STAR VFTS102 We present a spectroscopic analysis of an extremely rapidly rotating late O-type star, VFTS102, observed during a spectroscopic survey of 30 Doradus. VFTS102 has a projected rotational velocity larger than 500 km s−1 and probably as large as 600 km s−1; as such it would appear to be the most rapidly rotating massive star currently identified. Its radial velocity differs by 40 km s−1 from the mean for 30 Doradus, suggesting that it is a runaway. View More Dark Energy In the late 1990s, astronomers found evidence that the expansion of the universe was not slowing down due to gravity as expected. Instead, the expansion speed was increasing. Something had to be powering this accelerating universe and, in part due to its unknown nature, this “something” was called dark energy. View More Zombie Planet Zombie planets, also known as "pulsar planets" or "planets around pulsars," are a fascinating and relatively rare astronomical phenomenon. View More The Dream Mission People must have had many dreams and those dreams would be very unique, but my dream is very unique. Today I will share with you this dream journey full of very interesting and adventures. In this dream of mine, I have done the complete mission of Mars and there are many twists in that too, which I will tell you further in this article. The article is The Dream Mission View More Creation of Mind Loop What we doing, what we experiencing, what we thinking is a creation of mind, and it's just a thoughts View More

Proxima Centauri b Proxima Centauri b is an exoplanet that orbits the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, which is the closest known star to our Sun. Here's a detailed explanation of Proxima Centauri b, including information about its characteristics, atmosphere, and the search for extraterrestrial life or aliens 1. Characteristics of Proxima Centauri b: Size: Proxima Centauri b is classified as an exoplanet with a mass roughly similar to Earth's, making it about 1.3 times the mass of our planet. This places it in the category of terrestrial exoplanets, similar to Earth and Venus. Orbit: Proxima Centauri b orbits its host star, Proxima Centauri, at a very close distance, approximately 0.05 astronomical units (AU), or about 7.5 million kilometers (4.7 million miles). It completes an orbit in just around 11.2 Earth days. Habitability: Proxima Centauri b is located within the habitable zone (Goldilocks zone) of its star. This means it is in the region where conditions for liquid water to exist on the surface are possible, a key factor for potential habitability. 2. Atmosphere of Proxima Centauri b: Information about the specific composition and characteristics of Proxima Centauri b's atmosphere is not currently known. Detecting and analyzing the atmospheres of exoplanets, especially those as distant as Proxima Centauri b, is a challenging task and often requires advanced telescopes and instruments. 3. The Search for Extraterrestrial Life or Aliens: Proxima Centauri b has generated significant interest in the search for extraterrestrial life due to its proximity to Earth and its location within the habitable zone. Scientists and astronomers are particularly interested in studying exoplanets like Proxima Centauri b because they could offer insights into the potential for life beyond our solar system. The search for extraterrestrial life extends beyond Proxima Centauri b and includes the study of other exoplanets both within and outside the habitable zone. Key aspects of this search involve looking for signs of habitability and biomarkers, such as the presence of water, oxygen, and methane, in exoplanet atmospheres. The discovery of life, if it exists, on Proxima Centauri b or any other exoplanet would be a profound scientific breakthrough and could have far-reaching implications for our understanding of life's prevalence in the universe. It's important to note that as of my last knowledge update in September 2021, there is no definitive evidence of extraterrestrial life, and the search continues to be an active and ongoing scientific endeavor. Future missions and advanced technology, such as the James Webb Space Telescope, are expected to provide more data and insights into the atmospheres and potential habitability of exoplanets like Proxima Centauri b. Comparison with Earth Proxima Centauri b and Earth are both planets, but they have significant differences in terms of their characteristics, orbits, and potential habitability. Here's a comparison between the two: 1. Size and Mass: Earth: Earth is approximately 12,742 kilometers (7,918 miles) in diameter and has a mass of about 5.972 × 10^24 kilograms, making it a terrestrial planet with a solid surface. Proxima Centauri b: Proxima Centauri b is classified as an exoplanet, and its size and mass are roughly similar to Earth's, with a mass approximately 1.3 times that of Earth. This places it in the category of terrestrial exoplanets. 2. Parent Star and Orbit: Earth: Earth orbits the Sun, a G-type main-sequence star (G2V), at an average distance of about 149.6 million kilometers (93 million miles). It takes approximately 365.25 days to complete one orbit. Proxima Centauri b: Proxima Centauri b orbits a red dwarf star known as Proxima Centauri, which is cooler and smaller than the Sun. Its orbital distance is very close to its parent star, about 0.05 astronomical units, which is much closer than Earth's distance from the Sun. Proxima Centauri b completes an orbit in approximately 11.2 Earth days. 3. Habitability and Atmosphere: Earth: Earth is known for its diverse and life-sustaining atmosphere composed primarily of nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%), with trace amounts of other gases. It has liquid water on its surface, a stable climate, and a variety of ecosystems that support a wide range of life forms. Proxima Centauri b: Information about the specific composition and characteristics of Proxima Centauri b's atmosphere is not currently known. Detecting and analyzing exoplanet atmospheres, especially those as distant as Proxima Centauri b, is challenging and requires advanced telescopes and instruments. 4. Potential for Extraterrestrial Life: Earth: Earth is the only known planet to host a wide variety of life forms, from microorganisms to complex multicellular organisms, including humans. Proxima Centauri b: Proxima Centauri b is located within the habitable zone of its star, which means it could have conditions suitable for liquid water to exist on its surface. However, the presence of life on Proxima Centauri b is purely speculative at this point, and more research is needed to assess its habitability and the potential for extraterrestrial life. Related Articles....... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f KEPLER-452b

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2021 Space Discoveries Amateur astronomer discovers a new moon around Jupiter A previously-unknown moon has been detected around the largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter is a giant, so it gravitationally attracts many objects into its vicinity. Earth has one major moon, Mars has two: but Jupiter boasts at least 79 moons, and there may be dozens or hundreds more of them that astronomers have yet to identify. The latest discovery was made by amateur astronomer Kai Ly, who found evidence of this Jovian moon in a data set from 2003 that had been collected by researchers using the 3.6-meter Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) on Mauna Kea. Ly they confirmed the moon was likely bound to Jupiter's gravity using data from another telescope called Subaru. The new moon, called EJc0061, belongs to the Carme group of Jovian moons. They orbit in the opposite direction of Jupiter's rotation at an extreme tilt relative to Jupiter's orbital plane. NASA will return to Venus this decade Mars is a popular target for space agencies, but Earth's other neighbor has been garnering more attention recently. In 2020, researchers announced that they had detected traces of phosphine in Venus' atmosphere. It is a possible biosignature gas, and the news certainly reawakened interest in the planet. In early June 2021, NASA announced it will launch two missions to Venus by 2030. One mission, called DAVINCI+ (short for Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging, Plus) will descend through the planet's atmosphere to learn about how it has changed over time. The other mission, VERITAS (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) will attempt to map the planet's terrain from orbit like never before. Venus has been visited by robotic probes, but NASA has not launched a dedicated mission to the planet since 1989. The interest in Martian exploration may be one reason why Venus has been neglected in recent decades, but the second planet from the sun is also a challenging place to study. Although it may have once been a balmy world with oceans and rivers, a runaway greenhouse effect took hold of Venus around 700 million years ago and now the planet's surface is hot enough to melt lead. The sun is reawakening The sun was experiencing a quiet time in its roughly decade-long cycle, but it is now exiting that phase. The sun has had very little activity in recent years, but the star's surface is now erupting in powerful events that spew out charged particles towards Earth. In early November, for instance, a series of solar outbursts triggered a large geomagnetic storm on our planet. This eruption is known as a coronal mass ejection, or CME. It's essentially a billion-ton cloud of solar material with magnetic fields, and when this bubble pops, it blasts a stream of energetic particles out into the solar system. If this material heads in the direction of Earth, it interacts with our planet's own magnetic field and causes disturbances. These can include ethereal displays of auroras near Earth's poles, but can also include satellite disruptions and energy losses. James Webb Space Telescope flies into space A whole new era of space science began on Christmas Day 2021 with the successful launch of the world's next major telescope. NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency are collaborating on the $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), a project more than three decades in the making. Space telescopes take a long time to plan and assemble: The vision for this particular spacecraft began before its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope, had even launched into Earth orbit. Whereas Hubble orbits a few hundred miles from Earth's surface, JWST is heading to an observational perch located about a million miles from our planet. The telescope began its journey towards this spot, called the Earth-sun Lagrange Point 2 (L2), on Dec. 25, 2021 at 7:20 a.m. EST (1220 GMT) when an Ariane 5 rocket launched the precious payload from Europe's Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana. The telescope will help astronomers answer questions about the evolution of the universe and provide a deeper understanding about the objects found in our very own solar system. Event Horizon Telescope takes high-resolution image of black hole jet In July 2021, the novel project behind the world's first photo of a black hole published an image of a powerful jet blasting off from one of these supermassive objects. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a global collaboration of eight observatories that work together to create one Earth-sized telescope. The end result is a resolution that is 16 times sharper and an image that is 10 times more accurate than what was possible before. Scientists used EHT's incredible abilities to observe a powerful jet being ejected by the supermassive black hole at the center of the Centaurus A galaxy, one of the brightest objects in the night sky. The galaxy's black hole is so large that it has the mass of 55 million suns. Scientists spot the closest-known black hole to Earth Just 1,500 light-years from Earth lies the closest-known black hole to Earth, now called "The Unicorn ." Tiny black holes are hard to spot, but scientists managed to find this one when they noticed strange behavior from its companion star, a red giant. Researchers observed its light shifting in intensity, which suggested to them that another object was tugging on the star. This black hole is super-lightweight at just three solar masses. Its location in the constellation Monoceros ("the unicorn") and its rarity have inspired this black hole's name. Earth's second 'moon' flies off into space An object dropped into Earth's orbit like a second moon, and this year, it made its final close approach of our planet. It is classified as a "minimoon," or temporary satellite. But it's no stray space rock — the object, known as 2020 SO, is a leftover fragment of a 1960s rocket booster from the American Surveyor moon missions. On Feb. 2, 2021, 2020 SO reached 58% of the way between Earth and the moon, roughly 140,000 miles (220,000 kilometers) from our planet. It was the minimoon's final approach, but not its closest trip to Earth. It achieved its shortest distance to our planet a few months prior, on Dec. 1, 2020. It has since drifted off into space and away from Earth's orbit, never to return. Parker Solar Probe travels through the sun's atmosphere This year, NASA's sun-kissing spacecraft swam within a structure that's only visible during total solar eclipses and was able to measure exactly where the star's "point of no return" is located. The Parker Solar Probe has been zooming through the inner solar system to make close approaches to the sun for the past three years, and it is designed to help scientists learn about what creates the solar wind, a sea of charged particles that flow out of the sun and can affect Earth in many ways. The spacecraft stepped into the sun's outer atmosphere, known as the corona , during its eight solar flyby. The April 28 maneuver supplied the data that confirmed the exact location of the Alfvén critical surface: the point where the solar wind flows away from the sun, never to return. The probe managed to get as low as 15 solar radii, or 8.1 million miles (13 million km) from the sun's surface. It was there that it passed through a huge structure called a pseudostreamer, which can be seen from Earth when the moon blocks the light from the sun's disk during a solar eclipse . In a statement about the discovery, NASA officials described that part of the trip as "flying into the eye of a storm." Perseverance begins studying rocks on Mars Last but not least, this year marked the arrival of NASA's Perseverance rover on Mars. The mission has been working hard to find traces of ancient Martian life since it reached the Red Planet on Feb. 18, 2021. Engineers have equipped Perseverance with powerful cameras to help the mission team decide what rocks are worth investigating. One of Perseverance's most charming findings has been "Harbor Seal Rock ," a curiously-shaped feature that was probably carved out by the Martian wind over many years. Perseverance has also obtained several rock samples this year, which will be collected by the space agency for analysis at some point in the future. Perseverance is taking its observations from the 28-mile-wide (45 kilometers) Jezero Crater, which was home to a river delta and a deep lake billions of years ago.

Chandra X-Ray Observatory Unraveling the Cosmic Tapestry: Chandra X-ray Observatory's Saga ​ In the grand cosmic theater, where the universe dons its most enigmatic costumes, the Chandra X-ray Observatory stands as humanity's eye into the unseen realms. Launched by NASA in 1999, Chandra has been an unrivaled pioneer, deciphering the universe's secrets encoded in X-ray frequencies. In this comprehensive exploration, we embark on a captivating journey, unveiling the multifaceted story of Chandra – its functions, motives, structure, historic milestones, and the mesmerizing discoveries that have reshaped our understanding of the cosmos. ​ X-ray Vision: Chandra's Functions and Motive Unveiling Cosmic Hotspots Chandra's primary function is to observe high-energy X-rays emanating from celestial objects. By capturing these elusive rays, it unveils the hottest, most dynamic regions of the universe, revealing details invisible to other telescopes. ​ Decoding Stellar Life Cycles From supernova remnants to pulsars and black holes, Chandra plays a crucial role in decoding the life cycles of stellar objects. It's a cosmic detective, providing insights into the birth, evolution, and demise of stars. ​ Probing Galactic Nuclei Chandra's gaze extends to the hearts of galaxies, where supermassive black holes reside. By studying the radiation emitted from these active galactic nuclei, scientists gain essential clues about the cosmic processes at play. ​ Charting the Cosmic Web Chandra contributes to mapping the large-scale structure of the universe, uncovering the vast cosmic web formed by the distribution of hot gas between galaxies. ​ Engineering Marvel: The Structure of Chandra X-ray Observatory Mirrors of Precision Chandra's mirrors are coated with a thin layer of iridium, a choice that enhances reflectivity in the X-ray range. Nested mirrors, rather than traditional lenses, focus the incoming X-rays onto detectors with exceptional precision. Space-Resilient Design Crafted to endure the rigors of space, Chandra orbits Earth in an elliptical trajectory, minimizing interference from the planet's radiation belts. This resilient design ensures the telescope's longevity and sustained scientific contributions. Chronicles of Chandra: A Historic Journey Launch into the Unknown Chandra embarked on its cosmic odyssey aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia on July 23, 1999. Named after the astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, the telescope began its mission to unravel the mysteries of the X-ray universe. Milestones and Legacy Throughout its journey, Chandra has left an indelible mark on astrophysics. From confirming the existence of dark energy to identifying numerous neutron stars, its discoveries have rewritten the cosmic narrative. Conclusion: Chandra's Ongoing Odyssey As we reflect on the cosmic voyage of the Chandra X-ray Observatory, we recognize its indispensable role in reshaping our cosmic comprehension. The observatory continues to unravel the X-ray mysteries, painting a vivid portrait of the universe's hidden intricacies. "X-ray Pioneers" pays homage to the brilliance of Chandra – a beacon illuminating the celestial darkness, guiding us into the depths of the cosmos where new revelations await discovery. Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Zombie Planets Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1 Osiris-REx Mission

Discovered Exoplanets Kepler Telescope NASA's Kepler spacecraft was launched to search for Earth-like planets orbiting other stars. It discovered more than 2,600 of these "exoplanets"—including many that are promising places for life to exist.

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