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Dark Energy In the late 1990s, astronomers found evidence that the expansion of the universe was not slowing down due to gravity as expected. Instead, the expansion speed was increasing. Something had to be powering this accelerating universe and, in part due to its unknown nature, this “something” was called dark energy. What Is Dark Energy? In the late 1990s, astronomers found evidence that the expansion of the universe was not slowing down due to gravity as expected. Instead, the expansion speed was increasing. Something had to be powering this accelerating universe and, in part due to its unknown nature, this “something” was called dark energy. Hubble plays an important role in verifying, characterizing and constraining dark energy. Both Hubble and ground-based observations measures a special type of stellar explosion, a white dwarf supernova, to measure accurate distances to galaxies. ​ A galaxy located a billion light-years away provides a data point for the universe as it was a billion years ago. Meanwhile, as the universe expands, the light traveling to Earth from distant galaxies (and their supernovas) is stretched out to longer wavelengths — a phenomenon called cosmological redshift. The cosmological redshifts of galaxies at different distances provides a history of the expansion of the universe over time. However, only Hubble had the resolution to extend these observations to very distant galaxies. The discovery of supernova 1997ff, located about 10 billion light-years away, provided evidence for dark energy. About halfway into the universe’s history — several billion years ago — dark energy became dominant and the expansion accelerated. While ground-based studies had measured this accelerating period, Hubble’s observation of 1997ff stretched back to the decelerating part of the expansion. This shift between two different eras of the universe — a change from a decelerating universe to an accelerating universe — showed that dark energy exists. Hubble continued to explore the nature of dark energy with observations such as the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS), structured to help uncover distant supernovas. The 42 supernovas found by Hubble not only solidified the conclusions about dark energy, but also began to constrain some of its possible explanations. Later Hubble results identified how early in the universe dark energy began to influence the expansion as well as constrained the current expansion rate. ​ The view that emerged was that dark energy was consistent with the slow, steady force of Einstein’s cosmological constant, a concept that the physicist had initially introduced into his equations to prevent his theoretical universe from collapsing, then later retracted when the expansion of the universe was discovered. But instead of holding the universe in a steady state, dark energy is pushing outward to expand the universe faster and faster. The discovery of dark energy was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011. Astronomers now know that there is much more to the universe than meets the eye. The luminous and non-luminous normal matter makes up about 4 percent of the total mass and energy density of the universe. Dark matter, which emits no light and cannot be directly observed, comprises another 24 percent of the total, while dark energy dominates with about 72 percent. Most of the universe is unknown and only indirectly detected. We can see its effects on galaxies and the expansion of the universe, but we have yet to identify the underlying source. That may seem unsettling, but to a scientist, it is exciting. There are more great mysteries to explore and solve! The universe is expanding, and that expansion stretches light traveling through space in a phenomenon known as cosmological redshift. The greater the redshift, the greater the distance the light has traveled. Within the Hubble Deep Field-North region, astronomers pinpointed a blaze of light from one of the farthest supernovas ever seen. In a close-up view of that region (left) a white arrow points to a faint elliptical, the home of the exploding SN 1997ff. The supernova itself (right) is distinguished by the white dot in the center. This diagram reveals changes in the rate of expansion since the universe's birth 15 billion years ago. The more shallow the curve, the faster the rate of expansion. The curve changes noticeably about 7.5 billion years ago, when objects in the universe began flying apart as a faster rate. Astronomers theorize that the faster expansion rate is due to a mysterious, dark force that is pulling galaxies apart. This image is a portion of the GOODS-North field. The field features approximately 15,000 galaxies, about 12,000 of which are forming stars. Hubble’s ultraviolet vision opened a new window on the evolving universe, tracking the birth of stars over the last 11 billion years back to the cosmos’ busiest star-forming period about 3 billion years after the big bang. Spiral galaxy NGC 3021 (background) was one of several hosts of Type Ia supernovae observed by astronomers to refine the measure of the universe's expansion rate, called the Hubble constant. Hubble made precise measurements of Cepheid variable stars in the galaxy, highlighted by green circles in the inset boxes. Other Articles...... Zombie Planets Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Osiris - REx Mission Remember that scene in "Armageddon" where Bruce Willis blows up a giant asteroid on a collision course with Earth? Thankfully, Bennu, a real near-Earth asteroid, isn't hurtling towards us quite that aggressively. But it is still a celestial wanderer with a thrilling story, and the audacious mission of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft to unlock its secrets. Bennu: A Time Capsule From the Solar System's Dawn ​ Imagine a colossal rock, bigger than the Empire State Building, older than the dinosaurs, and potentially holding the key to the origins of life on Earth. That's Bennu, a carbonaceous chondrite asteroid formed in the fiery crucible of the early solar system, some 4.5 billion years ago. Unlike its metallic or rocky siblings, Bennu is a carbonaceous treasure trove, its dark, diamond-like surface coated in organic molecules and minerals untouched for eons. Studying these pristine materials is like opening a time capsule, offering scientists a glimpse into the conditions that gave birth to our solar system and the potential for life beyond Earth. ​ OSIRIS-REx: A Touch in the Void ​ In 2016, NASA embarked on a mission as daring as it was groundbreaking: to rendezvous with Bennu, study its surface, and collect a precious sample. The OSIRIS-REx spacecraft, a technological marvel resembling a robotic octopus, embarked on a years-long journey, navigating the gravitational dance of the solar system and finally arriving at Bennu in 2018. For two years, OSIRIS-REx orbited Bennu like a celestial dance partner, mapping its surface in exquisite detail, revealing a world of craters, boulders, and even a mysterious dark plume erupting from its surface. Then, in October 2020, came the moment of truth: the Touch and Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism (TAGSAM) extended from the spacecraft, gently kissed Bennu's surface, and collected a handful of precious regolith (loose, rocky material) – Bennu's ancient secrets scooped into a cosmic treasure chest. Mission Accomplished: Bennu's Treasures Return to Earth ​ After successfully completing its mission, OSIRIS-REx began its long journey back to Earth, carrying its priceless cargo. On September 24, 2023, the spacecraft hurtled through the atmosphere, releasing the sample capsule over the Utah desert. This precious payload, containing millions of Bennu particles, landed safely, marking a historic moment in space exploration. ​ Bennu's Secrets Unlocked: A New Chapter in Science ​ Scientists around the world are now eagerly analyzing the Bennu sample, hoping to answer some of humanity's most profound questions. What were the building blocks of the solar system? How did asteroids contribute to the formation of planets? Could Bennu's organic molecules hold the key to the origins of life? The answers lie within the grains of Bennu's regolith, waiting to be deciphered. This mission is not just about understanding the past; it's about preparing for the future. Studying Bennu's composition and trajectory could help us develop strategies to deflect asteroids in case they ever pose a threat to Earth. ​ Bennu: More Than Just a Rock, a Story of Our Universe ​ The story of Bennu is a testament to human ingenuity and our insatiable curiosity about the universe. It's a reminder that even in the vast emptiness of space, there are treasures to be found, stories to be told, and mysteries waiting to be unlocked. With every grain of Bennu analyzed, we expand our understanding of the cosmos and our place within it. Who knows, maybe one day, Bennu won't just be a celestial bullet dodged, but a key to unlocking the secrets of life itself. Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Zombie Planets Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1 Chandra X-Ray Observatory

Space Discoveries This is your About Page. It's a great opportunity to give a full background on who you are, what you do and what your website has to offer. Double click on the text box to start editing your content and make sure to add all the relevant details you want to share with site visitors. Nasa's Time Line Hubble's Discoveries Presenter please note: Much of the discussion in these slides, and most of the public’s attention, is focused on Hubble’s enormous repertoire of images. View More Hubble's Deep Field The Hubble Space Telescope has made over 1.5 million observations since its launch in 1990, capturing stunning subjects such as the Eagle Nebula and producing data that has been featured in almost 18,000 scientific articles. But no image has revolutionized the way we understand the universe as much as the Hubble Deep Field . View More Hubble's Nebulae Hubble telescope discovered some nebulae here is an image and detail of the nebulae and other information about it. View More Hubble's Star Clusters Billions of trillions of stars illuminate the galaxies of our universe. Each brilliant ball of hydrogen and helium is born within a cloud of gas and dust called a nebula. Deep within these clouds, knots can form, pulling in gas and dust until they become massive enough to collapse under their own gravitational attraction. View More Hubble's Galaxies Our Sun is just one of a vast number of stars within a galaxy called the Milky Way, which in turn is only one of the billions of galaxies in our universe. These massive cosmic neighborhoods, made up of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity, come in a variety of sizes, from dwarf galaxies containing as few as 100 million stars to giant galaxies of more than a trillion stars. View More Hubble's Galaxy Discovery Our Sun is just one of a vast number of stars within a galaxy called the Milky Way, which in turn is only one of the billions of galaxies in our universe. These massive cosmic View More Hubble's Nebula Discovery ​ The space between stars is dotted with twisting towers studded with stars, unblinking eyes, ethereal ribbons, and floating bubbles. These fantastical shapes, some of the universe’s most visually stunning constructions, are nebulae, clouds of gas and dust that can be the birthplace of stars, the scene of their demise ― and sometimes both. View More Hubble's Planetary Discoveries Hubble, however, has made some unique contributions to the planet hunt. Astronomers used Hubble to make the first measurements of the atmospheric composition of extrasolar planets. Hubble observations have identified atmospheres that contain sodium, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor. View More Kepler's Exoplanets NASA's Kepler spacecraft was launched to search for Earth-like planets orbiting other stars. It discovered more than 2,600 of these "exoplanets"—including many that are promising places for life to exist. View More Space discovery of year 2021 Top 9 Discoveries of year 2021, visit page by clicking view more button. View More

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Nearest Star Systems Certainly, here is a list of the 100 nearest star systems to our solar system, along with brief explanations for each: Alpha Centauri A : The primary star in the Alpha Centauri system, part of the closest star system to our Sun. Alpha Centauri B : The second star in the Alpha Centauri system, which includes a third star, Proxima Centauri. Proxima Centauri : The closest known star to our solar system, located in the Alpha Centauri system. Barnard's Star : The fourth-closest known individual star to our Sun, located in the Ophiuchus constellation. Luhman 16 : A binary brown dwarf system, about 6.59 light-years away from us. Wolf 359 : A red dwarf star, one of the nearest to Earth, approximately 7.8 light-years away. Lalande 21185 : A red dwarf star situated around 8.29 light-years from our Sun. Sirius : The brightest star in Earth's night sky, located about 8.6 light-years away. Ross 154 : A red dwarf star, roughly 9.69 light-years from our Sun. Ross 248 : Another red dwarf star, approximately 10.32 light-years away. Epsilon Eridani : A young star known to have at least one exoplanet, about 10.49 light-years away. 61 Cygni A : The primary star in the 61 Cygni binary system, approximately 11.41 light-years away. 61 Cygni B : The companion star in the 61 Cygni binary system. Struve 2398 A : A red dwarf star in a binary system, about 11.49 light-years away. Struve 2398 B : The companion star in the Struve 2398 binary system. Groombridge 34 A : A binary star system, around 11.62 light-years from our Sun. Groombridge 34 B : The companion star in the Groombridge 34 binary system. Procyon : Also known as Alpha Canis Minoris, it's about 11.46 light-years away and is one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Tau Ceti : Located about 11.89 light-years away, this star is often studied in the search for habitable planets. Epsilon Indi : About 11.83 light-years away, it's one of the closest solitary brown dwarfs to our Sun. Ross 128 : Approximately 11.13 light-years away, this red dwarf star is of interest for exoplanet searches. EZ Aquarii A : Part of a binary star system, approximately 11.32 light-years away . EZ Aquarii B : The companion star in the EZ Aquarii binary system. Luyten's Star : Located about 12.36 light-years away, it's a red dwarf star often used in astronomical studies. Kruger 60 A : A red dwarf star, approximately 13.1 light-years away. Kruger 60 B : The companion star in the Kruger 60 binary system. Gliese 1061 : A red dwarf star situated around 13.06 light-years away. Gliese 1 : Located about 15.76 light-years away, it's part of the Ursa Major constellation. Lacaille 8760 : Also known as AX Microscopii, it's about 12.88 light-years away. Wolf 1061 : A red dwarf star, approximately 14.05 light-years from our Sun. DX Cancri : Located about 14.82 light-years away, it's part of the Cancer constellation. Sirius B : The companion white dwarf star to Sirius A. 40 Eridani A : Also known as Keid, it's about 16.47 light-years away. 40 Eridani B : Part of the 40 Eridani binary system. 40 Eridani C : Also known as Proxima D, it's part of the 40 Eridani system. Proxima Eridani : Located around 16.44 light-years away. GJ 1066 : A red dwarf star situated around 16.87 light-years from our Sun. GJ 1214 : Known for its super-Earth exoplanet, located about 42 light-years away. GJ 1245 A : Part of a binary star system, about 17.16 light-years away. GJ 1245 B : The companion star in the GJ 1245 binary system. GJ 2005 : A red dwarf star approximately 17.52 light-years away. Kapteyn's Star : Located around 12.76 light-years away, it's one of the nearest stars to the solar system. AX Microscopii A : Part of the Lacaille 8760 binary system. AX Microscopii B : The companion star in the Lacaille 8760 binary system. Delta Eridani : Also known as DY Eridani, it's about 26.26 light-years away. GJ 402 : Located approximately 19.11 light-years away. Ross 614 : Also known as UV Ceti, it's a red dwarf star around 21.09 light-years away. Ross 780 : A red dwarf star located about 20.84 light-years away. Ross 619 : Also known as V577 Monocerotis, it's about 20.94 light-years away. Gliese 412 : A red dwarf star situated around 21.01 light-years away. AC+79°3888 : Located about 21.09 light-years away. Gliese 687 : A red dwarf star, about 21.03 light-years from our Sun. Lalande 25372 : Located approximately 21.16 light-years away. Ross 780 : Part of the Ross 780 binary system. Ross 619 : Also known as V577 Monocerotis, part of the Ross 619 binary system. Gliese 412 : Part of the Gliese 412 binary system. AC+79°3888 : Part of the AC+79°3888 binary system. Gliese 687 : Part of the Gliese 687 binary system. Lalande 25372 : Part of the Lalande 25372 binary system. Gliese 54 : A red dwarf star, approximately 21.53 light-years away. Gliese 22 : Located about 22.35 light-years away. Gliese 338 : Part of the Gliese 338 binary system, around 22.44 light-years away. Gliese 54 : Part of the Gliese 54 binary system. Gliese 22 : Part of the Gliese 22 binary system. Gliese 338 : Part of the Gliese 338 binary system. Gliese 830 : Located about 22.83 light-years away. Gliese 860 : Also known as Ross 842, it's approximately 22.36 light-years away. Gliese 880 : Located about 22.92 light-years away. Gliese 908 : Also known as V840 Cygni, situated around 22.29 light-years away. Gliese 752 : Also known as BD+02°3375, it's located approximately 22.57 light-years away. Gliese 117 : Also known as BD+43°4305, it's about 23.31 light-years away. Gliese 35 : Also known as BD-05°1844, it's around 23.51 light-years away. Gliese 559 : Also known as BD+47°3379, located approximately 23.61 light-years away. Gliese 369 : Also known as BD+75°325, it's about 23.69 light-years away. Gliese 372 : Also known as BD+35°3291, located approximately 23.70 light-years away. Gliese 109 : Also known as BD+63°1985, it's about 23.84 light-years away. Gliese 349 : Also known as BD+58°419, located approximately 23.88 light-years away. Gliese 12 : Also known as CD-44°163, situated around 24.33 light-years away. Gliese 22 : Also known as BD+16°1608, it's approximately 24.55 light-years away. Gliese 700 : Also known as CD-53°163, located about 24.70 light-years away. Gliese 735 : Also known as BD+36°1987, situated around 24.71 light-years away. Gliese 35 : Also known as BD+05°1780, it's approximately 24.74 light-years away. Gliese 799 : Also known as BD+28°3133, located about 24.84 light-years away. Gliese 350 : Also known as BD+27°2591, situated around 24.91 light-years away. Gliese 389 : Also known as BD+22°1950, it's approximately 25.00 light-years away. Gliese 424 : Also known as CD-38°161, located about 25.09 light-years away. Gliese 427 : Also known as BD+36°2107, situated around 25.16 light-years away. Gliese 12 : Also known as CD-44°161, part of the Gliese 12 binary system. Gliese 22: Also known as BD+16°1608, part of the Gliese 22 binary system. Gliese 700 : Also known as CD-53°163, part of the Gliese 700 binary system. Gliese 735 : Also known as BD+36°1987, part of the Gliese 735 binary system. Gliese 35 : Also known as BD+05°1780, part of the Gliese 35 binary system. Gliese 799 : Also known as BD+28°3133, part of the Gliese 799 binary system. Gliese 350 : Also known as BD+27°2591, part of the Gliese 350 binary system. Gliese 389 : Also known as BD+22°1950, part of the Gliese 389 binary system. Gliese 424 : Also known as CD-38°161, part of the Gliese 424 binary system. Gliese 427 : Also known as BD+36°2107, part of the Gliese 427 binary system. Gliese 86 : Also known as BD+48°2045, it's approximately 25.30 light-years away. Gliese 545 : Also known as BD+04°2466, located about 25.38 light-years away. Other Articles..... STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-452b KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

KEPLER-452b Kepler-452b, often referred to as "Earth's cousin," is an exoplanet that was discovered by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope. It was announced as a significant discovery in July 2015. Here's a detailed explanation of Kepler-452b, including information about its characteristics, atmosphere, and the potential for extraterrestrial life 1. Characteristics of Kepler-452b: Size and Mass: Kepler-452b is considered a super-Earth, as it is larger than Earth, with an estimated radius about 1.6 times that of Earth. However, its exact mass is still uncertain, as it depends on its composition, which is not precisely known. Orbit: Kepler-452b orbits a star known as Kepler-452, which is very similar to our Sun in terms of both size and temperature. Its orbit around Kepler-452 takes approximately 385 days, making it roughly analogous to Earth's year. Distance from Star: Kepler-452b is located within the habitable zone of its parent star. The habitable zone, also known as the "Goldilocks zone," is the region around a star where conditions may be right for liquid water to exist on the planet's surface—a key factor for the potential development of life as we know it. Age: The host star Kepler-452 is older than our Sun, estimated to be around 6 billion years old, which could have allowed more time for life to potentially develop on Kepler-452b. ​ 2. Atmosphere of Kepler-452b: The exact composition and characteristics of Kepler-452b's atmosphere are not currently known. The detection and analysis of exoplanet atmospheres are challenging tasks and often require advanced instruments like the James Webb Space Telescope (scheduled for launch) to provide more detailed information. The presence and composition of an atmosphere are critical factors in determining the potential habitability of an exoplanet. An atmosphere can help regulate temperature, protect against harmful radiation, and play a role in supporting life processes. ​ 3. Potential for Extraterrestrial Life: Kepler-452b's location within the habitable zone of its star makes it an intriguing candidate for the potential existence of extraterrestrial life. The habitable zone represents the region where conditions might be suitable for liquid water, a fundamental ingredient for life as we know it, to exist on the planet's surface. However, the presence of liquid water alone does not guarantee the existence of life. Many other factors, such as the planet's atmosphere, geological activity, and the availability of essential chemical ingredients, would also influence its habitability. Detecting signs of life on Kepler-452b or any exoplanet is extremely challenging and would likely require advanced telescopes capable of analyzing the planet's atmosphere for biomarkers (e.g., oxygen and methane) or other potential signs of biological activity. Kepler-452b and Earth are both planets, but they have some significant differences, as well as similarities. Here's a comparison between the two: 1. Size and Mass: Earth: Earth is approximately 12,742 kilometers (7,918 miles) in diameter and has a mass of about 5.972 × 10^24 kilograms. Kepler-452b: Kepler-452b is estimated to be about 1.6 times the size (radius) of Earth, but its mass is not precisely known. It's considered a super-Earth. 2. Orbit and Parent Star: Earth: Earth orbits the Sun, a G-type main-sequence star (G2V), at an average distance of about 149.6 million kilometers (93 million miles). Kepler-452b: Kepler-452b orbits a G-type main-sequence star (G2V) known as Kepler-452, which is very similar to the Sun. Its orbital period is approximately 385 Earth days. 3. Habitability and Atmosphere: Earth: Earth has a diverse and life-sustaining atmosphere composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with trace amounts of other gases. It has liquid water on its surface and a stable climate, making it highly habitable. Kepler-452b: The exact composition of Kepler-452b's atmosphere is not known, and its habitability is still uncertain. It's located within the habitable zone of its star, indicating the potential for liquid water, but more information about its atmosphere is needed to assess its suitability for life. 4. Age: Earth: Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old. Kepler-452b: The host star Kepler-452 is estimated to be about 6 billion years old, making it older than the Sun. This could have implications for the potential development of life on the planet. 5. Surface Conditions: Earth: Earth has a diverse range of surface conditions, including continents, oceans, and various climate zones. It supports a wide variety of life forms and ecosystems. Kepler-452b: The specific surface conditions of Kepler-452b, such as the presence of oceans or continents, are not known due to limited observational data. 6. Potential for Extraterrestrial Life: Earth: Earth is known to host a vast array of life, from microorganisms to complex multicellular organisms, including humans. Kepler-452b: Kepler-452b is considered a potentially habitable exoplanet due to its location within the habitable zone, but the presence of extraterrestrial life on the planet is purely speculative at this point. More research and observations are needed to assess its habitability and the potential for life. Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Today Onward Theory What is Today Onward Theory?, This is a theory that will shock you, I will explain this theory today but only if you can relate to it then you will be able to understand it, I have given my strong point of view in this. Over View.... What is Today Onward Theory?, This is a theory that will shock you, I will explain this theory today but only if you can relate to it then you will be able to understand it, I have given my strong point of view in this. What is science?, Have we made much progress in science?, How will science be in the future?, Can we become a Type 2 civilization?, you will get the answers to these questions later, but let me say one thing that if today's From the point of view, science has not done anything, according to scientists, if we want to become a Type 2 civilization, then we still have a lot of research left to do, now you will say that we have discovered so much in space science, how much more?, let me tell you. We are not going to become great by going to space or going to the moon 2-3 times, because we do not even know how to take people out of the solar system, we have not even reached Mars, nor have we established our colony on any planet. If it has been made, then how can we say that science has progressed a lot. One step towards the future Now if you say, what do we have to do so that we can progress?, and where is science today? You will get answers, all your questions will be answered, if you have any question after reading this theory then you can tell me in the chat box below, I will answer all your questions. So what is my point of view, I will tell you, if we have shared something before, then where are we now?, right now we have definitely made a lot of progress in science but that progress is not enough, if we want to become a Type 2 civilization then there is still a lot of work to be done. The journey is still left, all the space we have traveled in comes within the solar system only, we have only taken people to the moon, and for the last many years we have not even been able to send humans again, if you look at science. It has made considerable progress in the last 100 years, but is it enough? No, if we want to reach Alpha Centauri, the system we have today, it will take thousands and millions of years, and we will never be able to reach the nearest galaxy. Then how can we say that we can become a Type 2 civilization? Now I will explain my point of view to you by listening to a story, "Once everyone was present in the king's court, then the king said to a minister that I am very happy with your work and want to give you a gift, tell me what do you want, minister. He was as intelligent as all of you, he said, King, I don't need much, just one square of Chokha in the first square of a chess board and its double in the next one, give me as many Chokha's dens as will be made in the last square, King. The king ordered to give him whatever he wanted, then a servant came and said that the king has asked for so many grains that there are not so many of them in our entire kingdom, then the king was very impressed by him, you will think how many grains would have been there which the king would have given. If I couldn't give it, then I have counted it for you all, and it comes to more than 2305843007575253120, and this is so much that its count has not been discovered till date, and this is exactly how our space science is progressing. , How progress is doubling every day, NASA has been established for only about 70 years and how many discoveries have been made in these 70 years, ISRO was also established 60 years ago and how far it has progressed, in the coming 10- Science would have advanced a lot in 20 years, just take the example of A.I. Most of the people would not even know about A.I before 2020 and it has increased in just three years. In this way our science is progressing and will continue to do so. Chat Section....

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Hubble's Galaxy Discoveries Our Sun is just one of a vast number of stars within a galaxy called the Milky Way, which in turn is only one of the billions of galaxies in our universe. These massive cosmic neighborhoods, made up of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity, come in a variety of sizes, from dwarf galaxies containing as few as 100 million stars to giant galaxies of more than a trillion stars. Astronomers generally classify galaxies into three major categories: spiral – like our Milky Way – elliptical, and irregular. Astronomers quickly realized that Hubble had a flaw. Its mirror was slightly the wrong shape, causing the light that bounced off the center of the mirror to focus in a different place than light bouncing off the edge. This “spherical aberration,” about 1/50th the thickness of a sheet of paper, was corrected during the first servicing mission in 1993 with installation of the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR). The result was highresolution imaging as shown in the image of galaxy M100. Since then, all of Hubble’s instruments have had corrective optics built in, eventually making COSTAR unnecessary. It was removed from the telescope in 2009. ​ Hubble was upgraded four more times with improved instruments. The inset image is from Servicing Mission 1 (STS-61, Space Shuttle Endeavor) which took place in December 1993. Astronauts installed COSTAR and replaced Wide-Field Planetary Camera 1 (WFPC1) with Wide-Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2), the first instrument to have the correction built into its optics. The image shows astronauts replacing WFPC1 with WFPC2. Detailed note: The two images of the center of galaxy Messier 100 show WFPC1 and WFPC2 data and demonstrate how well Servicing Mission 1 corrected the mirror flaw. Hubble could now achieve its design specifications. The largest Hubble Space Telescope image ever assembled, this sweeping view of a portion of the Andromeda galaxy (M31) is the sharpest large composite image ever taken of our galactic neighbor. Though the galaxy is over 2 million light-years away, Hubble is powerful enough to resolve individual stars in a 61,000-light-year-long stretch of the galaxy. The Andromeda galaxy is only 2.5 million light-years from Earth, making it a much bigger target in the sky than the myriad galaxies Hubble routinely photographs that are billions of light-years away. The Hubble survey is assembled into a mosaic image using 7,398 exposures taken over 411 individual pointings. The data were taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys. The lower left inset points out the numerous types of objects seen in the image. The lower right inset is a composite made from a series of ground observations that shows the entire M31 galaxy and the portion imaged by Hubble. This 91-million pixel mosaic of the Whirlpool Galaxy (M51) was released to celebrate Hubble’s 15th anniversary. Beyond the sheer beauty of the image, the details along the spiral arms follow the progression of star formation from dark dust clouds through pink star-forming regions to blue newborn star clusters. Some astronomers believe that the Whirlpool's arms are so prominent because of the effects of a close encounter with NGC 5195, the small, yellowish galaxy at the outermost tip of one of the Whirlpool's arm. The distance to M51 is 23 million light years (7 megaparsecs). This image of the Sombrero Galaxy is one of the first large mosaics produced from the Advanced Camera for Surveys instrument. Combining data from six pointings, the full resolution image contains over 70 million pixels. The Sombrero is cataloged as Messier 104 (M104). The galaxy's hallmark is a brilliant white, bulbous core encircled by the thick dust lanes comprising the spiral structure of the galaxy. As seen from Earth, the galaxy is tilted nearly edge-on. We view it from just six degrees north of its equatorial plane. This brilliant galaxy was named the Sombrero because of its resemblance to the broad rim and high-topped Mexican hat. Sombrero is 28 million light years (9 megaparsecs) away. These two spiral galaxies started to interact a few hundred million years ago, making the Antennae galaxies one of the nearest and youngest examples of a pair of colliding galaxies. Nearly half of the faint objects in the Antennae image are young clusters containing tens of thousands of stars. The orange blobs to the left and right of image center are the two cores of the original galaxies and consist mainly of old stars criss-crossed by filaments of dust, which appear brown in the image. The two galaxies are dotted with brilliant blue star-forming regions surrounded by glowing hydrogen gas, appearing in the image in pink. The image allows astronomers to better distinguish between the stars and super star clusters created in the collision of two spiral galaxies. The Antennae are 62 million light years (19 megaparsecs) away. Galaxy interactions are not always the grand collisions seen in the Antennae galaxies. These two interacting galaxies, called the Rose Galaxy or catalog name Arp 273, have produced less pronounced distortions in each others’ shape. The larger of the spiral galaxies, known as UGC 1810, has a disk that is tidally distorted into a rose-like shape by the gravitational tidal pull of the companion galaxy below it, known as UGC 1813. A swath of blue jewels across the top is the combined light from clusters of intensely bright and hot young blue stars. These massive stars glow fiercely in ultraviolet light. The smaller, nearly edge-on companion shows distinct signs of intense star formation at its nucleus, perhaps triggered by the encounter with the companion galaxy. Some called this picture a “rose” of galaxies, with the upper galaxy as the bloom, and the lower galaxy as the stem. The pair is 340 million light years (105 megaparsecs) away.

Black Hole A black hole is an extremely dense region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape its grasp. It forms when a massive star collapses, creating a point called a singularity surrounded by an event horizon, beyond which nothing can return. Black holes come in various sizes, including stellar-mass and supermassive black holes. What is Black Hole and how Black Hole forms? Today we will talk about black holes, first let us know how black holes are formed, to keep a star in balance, its gravitational force pushes it inwards and the nuclear fusion taking place in its center pushes it outwards. And with the help of these two pushing forces, the star remains under control. But when the helium gas inside the star starts getting exhausted then the nuclear energy of the star gradually gets exhausted, then gradually the star becomes a red giant, at this time the fusion happening on the star which prevents the gravity from pushing it inside. The force is no longer there and due to gravity the star seems to shrink in on itself and a time comes when the center of the star cannot handle so much gas and a big explosion occurs which we call a supernova, and at the end of the supernova A black hole is formed in A black hole has so much mass that even light gets trapped in front of its gravity and it also absorbs light into itself. Black hole is the center of an infinite mass around which there is a ring like event horizon. Original image of Black hole in i.c.1, explanation of black hole formation i.c.2 i.c.1 Black Hole event horizon. i.c.1 Black Hole formation. Time travel using Black Hole? I hope you have understood what a black hole is and how it is formed. There are many more questions about black holes for which we do not have answers, what is inside a black hole?, where do things go inside a black hole?, does it have an alternative white hole?, do all these things come out of the white hole? Does it come?, Can a black hole take us to our past or make us travel through time? We have not been able to find the answer to this mystery. Suppose we have detected a black hole, yet the nearest black hole is also 1560 light years away from us! If we travel at the speed of light, it will be approximately 1560 years and we can travel in space at the speed of light. Couldn't even find any solution. So as of today it is not possible to reach a black hole. But what's the point in believing, so let's take time and even if we reach the black hole, there will be many more difficulties in front of us, which I will tell you later. You all must have seen the movie Interstellar, in which a planet is shown which is very close to the black hole and we all know that the black hole has infinite mass and its space-time curvature is also very high, meaning it is very close to the black hole. Even spending a little time is a lot of years according to Earth, it is shown in this movie that 1 hour spent on Miller's Planet is equal to 7 years on Earth. And we call this effect time dilation. But we have to go inside it, not around it, and if the black hole also pulls the light inside itself, then we will have to travel at a speed faster than the light, there is another twist in this, we will first go to the event horizon of the black hole where all the things It starts rotating around the black hole, if we can survive there then we can reach inside the black hole, but we do not even know what is inside the black hole. So if we cross all these things then we can go inside the black hole. Scientists speculate that a black hole may act like a worm hole, just like the one shown in Interstellar. If you also want such an article like Worm Hole, then subscribe to the website so that you get the notification of that article. Now you can understand how complex the black hole is and we have not been able to solve the entire mystery of the black hole yet. i.c.3 Black hole event horizon. i.c.4 Black hole curvature comparison i.c.5 Black hole time travel. Black Hole images Other Articles.... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop Parallel World Travel Age of our Universe Zombie Planets

Hubble's Deep Field The Hubble Space Telescope has made over 1.5 million observations since its launch in 1990, capturing stunning subjects such as the Eagle Nebula and producing data that has been featured in almost 18,000 scientific articles. But no image has revolutionized the way we understand the universe as much as the Hubble Deep Field . A Core Sample of the Universe ​ The Hubble Deep Field image holds 342 separate exposures taken between December 18 and 28, 1995. The picture we see was assembled from blue, red, and infrared light. The combination of these images allows astronomers to infer the distance, age, and composition of the galaxies photographed. Bluer objects, for example, contain young stars or could be relatively close. Redder objects contain older stars or could be farther away. Most of the galaxies are so faint ― four billion times fainter than the human eye can see ― that they had never been observed before, even by the largest telescopes. “As the images have come up on our screens, we have not been able to keep from wondering if we might somehow be seeing our own origins in all of this,” Williams said at the time. “These past 10 days have been an unbelievable experience.” The “deep” in Hubble Deep Field refers to the telescope’s ability to look at some of these far, faint objects. Looking at far-away objects in space is like seeing back in time. Light moves at tremendous speed, but it still takes time to travel across the vastness of space. Even the light from our own Sun needs eight minutes and 20 seconds to reach Earth, so when we look at the Sun, we see it as it was a little more than eight minutes earlier. The farther away the object, the younger it appears in Hubble’s gaze. The Deep Field was like a core sample of space, showing galaxies at different and earlier stages of development the deeper they appeared in the image. Researchers from the State University of New York at Stony Brook analyzed the photo and chose several dozen candidates that could be more distant than any galaxies seen up to that point. They identified the galaxies based on their color, because more distant galaxies appear redder as the light reaches us. This happens because the light stretches as it travels through the universe, transforming into infrared wavelengths, which are redder. A 1998 follow-up infrared image taken with Hubble’s Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer discovered galaxies believed to be over 12 billion light-years away, even farther than those seen in the Hubble Deep Field. Hubble Deep Field South After the success of the original Hubble Deep Field, astronomers sought new ways to increase our understanding of the universe. Since it would take 900,000 years for astronomers to observe the whole sky, they knew they would have to rely on more samples like the Hubble Deep Field to infer what the entire universe looks like. The Hubble Deep Field South focused on a region in the constellation Tucana, near the south celestial pole, and doubled the number of distant galaxies available to astronomers. Williams and a team of 50 astronomers and technicians at the Institute and at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, carried out the 10-day-long observation in October 1998. Hubble Ultra Deep Field ​ In 2004, Hubble captured a million-second-long exposure that contained 10,000 galaxies. This new image, the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, observed the first galaxies to emerge from the “dark ages,” a time just after the Big Bang. A servicing mission in 2002 had installed a new camera, called the Advanced Camera for Surveys. That camera had twice the field of view and a higher sensitivity than WFPC2, the camera that captured the original Deep Field. The final Ultra Deep Field photo is actually combined from an ACS image and an image from Hubble’s Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-object Spectrometer. “Hubble takes us to within a stone’s throw of the Big Bang itself,” said Massimo Stiavelli, an instrument scientist for Hubble at the Space Telescope Science Institute. From ground-based telescopes, the location of the Ultra Deep Field in the constellation Fornax ― right below the constellation Orion ― looked mostly empty, much like the other Deep Field locations, allowing for more distant observations to take place. The Ultra Deep Field image contained several odd galaxies, such as one shaped like a toothpick and another shaped like a bracelet link. Such galaxies come from a more chaotic time before the development of structured galaxies like the Milky Way. Ultra Deep Field data also taught astronomers that black holes at the center of galaxies likely grew over time, that large galaxies build up gradually as others merge and collide, and that some of the earliest galaxies were much smaller than our current Milky Way. Hubble Ultra Deep Field-Infrared ​ In 2009, Hubble captured near-infrared light wavelengths in the same region as the Ultra Deep Field, revealing galaxies formed just 600 million years after the Big Bang. The light from one object, called UDFj-39546284, traveled 13.2 billion light-years to reach Earth. It’s a compact galaxy made up of blue stars, and astronomers found that the rate of star formation grew by a factor of 10 in just over 200 million years ― that may sound like a long time to us, but it’s tiny for the universe. ​ ​ ​ Hubble eXtreme Deep Field In 2012, Hubble took it to the extreme. Astronomers combined 10 years of photographs taken of a region in the center of the original Ultra Deep Field. Even with its smaller view, the eXtreme Deep Field still showed 5,500 galaxies. The faintest galaxies visible in this image are one ten-billionth of what the human eye can see, and most of the galaxies shown are from when they were young and small, often colliding and merging together. ​ ​ ​ Ultra Deep Field 2012 After observations made over six weeks in August and September 2012, a team of astronomers discovered a population of seven primitive galaxies formed when the universe was just 3% of its present age. The observations supported the idea that galaxies may have provided enough energy to reheat the universe after the Big Bang. ​ ​ ​ Frontier Fields NASA’s Great Observatories ― Hubble, Spitzer, and Chandra ― teamed up in 2013 for the Frontier Fields, a bold multi-year campaign to provide critical data to aid investigations of dark matter and how galaxies change over time, among others. Abell 370 is a cluster with several hundred galaxies at its core. It was one of the first clusters where astronomers observed gravitational lensing and part of the Frontier Fields project. Credits: NASA, ESA, R. Bouwens and G. Illingworth (University of California, Santa Cruz) The campaign provided 12 new deep field images, and astronomers were able to detect galaxies 100 times fainter than those they observed in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. Focusing on high-redshift galaxies and gravitational lensing, or the natural distortion of light from massive galaxy clusters, the team worked to detect galaxies too faint to be seen by Hubble alone. Such an undertaking propelled our understanding of the universe in ways that could only be achieved with all the Great Observatories working together. The campaign ended in 2017, and now astronomers can use the dataset to continue exploring the early universe. Not only did the Hubble Deep Field change how we understand the universe, it also changed how we share findings. “This coming together of the community to generate a shared, nonproprietary dataset was essentially unprecedented but has since become the model for the majority of large astronomical projects,” wrote University of Washington astronomer Julianne Dalcanton. “This new mode of operating has democratized astronomy.” Hubble’s data was compiled for the Legacy Field, a combination of nearly 7,500 Hubble exposures. It represents 16 years of observations, 265,000 galaxies, and 13.3 billion years, making it the largest collection of galaxies documented by Hubble. The role of exploring the early universe further will fall to the James Webb Space Telescope , expected to launch in late 2021. Designed to see even farther back than Hubble because of its powerful infrared vision, Webb promises exciting observations and new discoveries. But our evolving understanding began with Hubble, and a team not afraid to explore what looked like nothing.

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Hubble's Star Clusters Billions of trillions of stars illuminate the galaxies of our universe. Each brilliant ball of hydrogen and helium is born within a cloud of gas and dust called a nebula. Deep within these clouds, knots can form, pulling in gas and dust until they become massive enough to collapse under their own gravitational attraction. Open Clusters Open clusters contain between a few dozen and a few thousand stars, all formed from the same initial cloud of gas and dust. The density of stars is low enough in these clusters that individual stars are visible with a telescope, or sometimes the unaided eye, giving them an “open” appearance. Most open clusters reside in the arms of spiral galaxies, and their stars are usually relatively young. Their shape is more irregular than spherical, with large amounts of gas between the stars. Over time, as these clusters rotate around a galaxy, gravitational disruptions from passing cosmic objects can cause the stars to disperse. The Milky Way is home to more than a thousand of these clusters, and even our Sun may have formed in an open cluster. Globular Clusters ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Embedded Clusters ​ Globular clusters are much larger and denser than open clusters, containing several thousand to millions of stars all formed from a shared nebula. Unlike open clusters, the density of stars at their centers is so high that individual stars are hard to discern, even with powerful telescopes. Globular clusters lie on the dusty outskirts of galaxies and their stars are older than those in open clusters. In fact, globular clusters contain some of the oldest known stars in a galaxy. Because old stars tend to have a reddish glow, globular clusters generally appear redder than open clusters. The large number of stars in a relatively small area causes the shape of a globular cluster to appear spherical, as stars’ intense gravitational attraction pulls them together. These gravitational ties grant globular clusters more stability than open clusters, helping them keep their structure instead of breaking up over time. The Milky Way alone has over 150 globular clusters, and our nearest neighboring galaxy Andromeda has over 400. Embedded clusters are a precursor to open and globular clusters. As the youngest type of star cluster, they contain newly born and forming stars surrounded by cosmic gas and dust. As with open and globular clusters, all of the stars formed from the same initial nebula. Embedded clusters are likely the basic unit of star formation since a significant fraction of all stars form within them. Once star formation ends, embedded clusters resemble open clusters, but are often disrupted by passing objects due to their weaker gravitational bonds. The embedded phase typically lasts between 2-7 million years. Since embedded clusters are heavily obscured by dust, they are rarely observed in visible wavelengths of light. However, Hubble’s infrared instruments can detect the longer wavelengths of infrared light that aren’t as easily scattered by clouds of gas and dust. Hubble’s unique capabilities are essential for learning more about these young clusters.

Existence of Multiverse Overview what is multiverse? , Does it exist in real?, and if yes then how, I will also show its proof and an experiment. In this article, you will know the secret of the multiverse and all the facts related to it and will also know whether it exists or not. 1.1 Imaginary view of multiverse Perspective.... We already know about the multiverse that this is our universe and there must be another such universe outside this universe and we have named it multiverse, but can't it be that when the Big Bang happened, different universes were created? It must have happened, it must be strange to hear but I will explain it to you very well. You must have read in Science in class 8-9 that when milk is heated, the particles below its surface get heated and come up and the cold particles from above come down and in the same way the milk gets heated, but this one feels hotter. After this, its hot molecules come up through an air bubble, which takes time and the milk gets heated quickly, so what is the relation of this to our theory?, like the milk particles get heated more and form a bubble type structure. Similarly, when the Big Bang happened, the particles were spread among the molecules, then that energy would also have taken a bubble-like form and we live in one of those bubble type structures. 1.2 Bubble type structure in milk Where is proof?..... 1.3 Experience of deja vu. By now you must have understood all the society but still there must be a question somewhere in your mind that proving the multiverse only on the medium of milk does not seem confidential. Yes, so now I will tell you some experiments and proofs, imagine that you are looking at the Taj Mahal and suddenly this thought came to you that yes, I have already seen the Taj Mahal and that too while standing at the same place, or Sometimes it may have happened that you are meeting someone for the first time and you feel that you have met them before, 94% of the people in the whole world have felt such things, this is called déjà vu effect, it means first. Some work done The thesis behind this is that when your timeline collides with your avatar, which is in another universe of the multiverse, then you feel that your other avatar has done this thing earlier and that thing is saved in your memory. It happens and when you see that thing again, you feel that you have done it before. We can compare this thing with the multiverse, and somewhere this thing may have a connection with the multiverse.

Inflationary Cosmology Theory Concept...... Inflationary cosmology is a theoretical framework in physical cosmology that proposes a rapid exponential expansion of space in the early universe. It was first proposed by physicist Alan Guth in 1980 to address several puzzles in the standard Big Bang cosmology, such as the horizon problem, the flatness problem, and the origin of structure in the universe. ​ The key idea behind inflation is that the universe underwent a brief period of extremely rapid expansion, driven by a hypothetical scalar field called the inflaton. During this inflationary epoch, the universe expanded exponentially, stretching quantum fluctuations to macroscopic scales and smoothing out the curvature and density of space. This expansion also effectively "ironed out" any irregularities in the early universe, explaining the uniformity of the cosmic microwave background radiation observed today. ​ Inflationary cosmology has been supported by a variety of observational data, including measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation by satellites like the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and the Planck satellite. These measurements have provided strong evidence for the predictions of inflation, such as the nearly scale-invariant spectrum of primordial density fluctuations. ​ Despite its success in addressing many cosmological puzzles, inflationary cosmology is still a subject of active research and debate. There are various models of inflation, each with its own predictions and implications for the universe's early history. Additionally, there are ongoing efforts to test inflationary predictions through observations of the cosmic microwave background, gravitational waves, and large-scale structure in the universe. ​ Some challenges and open questions remain within the framework of inflationary cosmology, including the initial conditions problem (i.e., explaining how inflation started and why the inflaton field had the necessary properties), the reheating mechanism (i.e., how the energy stored in the inflaton field was converted into ordinary matter and radiation), and the so-called "multiverse" implications (i.e., the idea that inflation can lead to the creation of multiple universes with different properties). ​ Overall, inflationary cosmology has had a profound impact on our understanding of the early universe and continues to shape theoretical research in cosmology and particle physics. Chat Section If you have any question ask me here.... Other Articles...... Theories Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop Today Onward Theory Parallel World Travel We are our GOD STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-452b Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Planetary System Interesting facts and information about object of our solar system. Heliocentric System Welcome visitors to your site with a short, engaging introduction. Double click to edit and add your own text. View Map Trappist-1 System Welcome visitors to your site with a short, engaging introduction. Double click to edit and add your own text. View Map

Research Projects Space research and latest discoveries Star Formation This is your Project description. Whether your work is based on text, images, videos or a different medium, providing a brief summary will help visitors understand the context and background. Then use the media section to showcase your project. Nebula Observation This is your Project description. Whether your work is based on text, images, videos or a different medium, providing a brief summary will help visitors understand the context and background. Then use the media section to showcase your project. Solar Flare Detection This is your Project description. Whether your work is based on text, images, videos or a different medium, providing a brief summary will help visitors understand the context and background. Then use the media section to showcase your project. The Big Bang Effect The early theory of origin of origin of universe is The Big Bang Theory. which consist a nebular exploidation of two nebulas. this theory is a strongest theory of the origin of universe. when big bang cause dark mater and all galaxies are origin. all things of our universe is cause in this time. scientist strongly work on this theory. Existence of Alien civilization Our Milky Way galaxy is around 4 billion years old, but our universe is around 13 billion years old, so if we have high technology like space craft and rocket etc, so just imagine that how other galaxy's civilization is powerful and high-tech. so point is in whole universe there is many planets like earth is good for life and maybe life is exist in this planets, so if alien exist they have more power and technology, and maybe possible they planning to attack on earth. we must be alert and full-fill to fight with aliens. Antient Literature & Geography In Hinduism they called Brahma, Vishnu, Mahesh is never born or die, let's except. They say that lord brahma created universe, let's except this also. My point is if lord brahma creates everything so which mater form is lord brahma, and if lord brahma creates atom or nano atom in nothing so where is lord brahma in nothing in which form of mater. Something came from nothing so where is lord and how it's possible. We are living in matrix yes, we are living in matrix! shocking but true many scientist proves that we are in matrix why let me explain, what we see with help of our eyes is compatible to our eyes but we can not able to see alfa red rays or electro magnetic waves but in changes of camera lance and settings we clearly see a chipset in our sky which prove that this world is matrix, detail proven photos is given in portfolio section just visit it. Net mass of our universe 500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 this number is a total mass of our universe but net mass of our universe is zero!, yes because we have already learned that we cannot create or destroy mass so when mass cannot be created so where mass came from, let me explain what is in vacuum, vacuum is one since matter and anti-matter are formed by fluctuations, the opposite of what we see also exists here, so our universe has a net mass of zero. Nearest Star System Certainly, here is a list of the 100 nearest star systems to our solar system, along with brief explanations for each: Visit More KEPLER-452b Kepler-452b, often referred to as "Earth's cousin," is an exoplanet that was discovered by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope. It was announced as a significant discovery in July 2015. Here's a detailed explanation of Kepler-452b, including information about its characteristics, atmosphere, and the potential for extraterrestrial life Visit More KEPLER-186f Kepler-186f is an Earth-sized exoplanet located 500 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus. It orbits a red dwarf star, Kepler-186, within its habitable zone, where conditions might allow liquid water to exist. This discovery sparked interest in the search for potentially habitable exoplanets and raised questions about the possibility of extraterrestrial life beyond our solar system. However, limited data about its atmosphere and surface make it challenging to assess its true habitability. Visit More Proxima Centauri b Proxima Centauri b is an exoplanet that orbits the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, which is the closest known star to our Sun. Here's a detailed explanation of Proxima Centauri b, including information about its characteristics, atmosphere, and the search for extraterrestrial life or aliens Visit More TRAPPIST-1 TRAPPIST-1 is a star system located about 39 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Aquarius. It gained significant attention and interest in the scientific community and the public due to the discovery of seven Earth-sized exoplanets orbiting the ultra-cool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1. Here's a detailed explanation of the TRAPPIST-1 system, including information about its characteristics, the potential for atmosphere, and the search for extraterrestrial life or aliens Visit More LHS 1140b LHS 1140b is an exoplanet that orbits the red dwarf star LHS 1140, which is located in the constellation Cetus, approximately 41 light-years away from Earth. Discovered in 2017, LHS 1140b has garnered significant attention in the field of exoplanet research due to its potential for habitability and its relatively close proximity to our solar system. Here's a detailed explanation of LHS 1140b, including information about its characteristics, atmosphere, and the potential for extraterrestrial life Visit More Age of our Universe COMING SOON......... Visit More Worm Hole COMING SOON......... Visit More Religious Point of View COMING SOON......... Visit More Existence of Multiverse what is multiverse? , Does it exist in real?, and if yes then how, I will also show its proof and an experiment. In this article, you will know the secret of the multiverse and all the facts related to it and will also know whether it exists or not. Visit More White Holes A white hole is a hypothetical region of spacetime where matter and light can only escape, never enter, behaving as the reverse of a black hole. While predicted by mathematical models, there's no observational evidence yet for their existence, and they remain largely theoretical constructs in astrophysics. Visit More Black Hole A black hole is an extremely dense region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape its grasp. It forms when a massive star collapses, creating a point called a singularity surrounded by an event horizon, beyond which nothing can return. Black holes come in various sizes, including stellar-mass and supermassive black holes. Visit More Worm Hole A wormhole is a theorized passage through spacetime, predicted by Einstein's general relativity, that could connect two distant regions. Imagine it as a tunnel bending the fabric of space and time, allowing travel between these points much faster than traditional means. However, the existence of wormholes and their stability remain unproven, requiring exotic matter with properties that haven't been observed yet. Visit More

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Parallel World Travel We have heard a lot about time travel, it feels good to hear it but only in imagination and theories, we already know the rest of the reality, but today we have brought another theory in front of you which can happen in the past. There is a thesis based on the above but yes, you will definitely feel happy after reading it. Over View.... So let me give you an overview of this theory, in this we have tried to understand how time travel can happen in the past, because we all know that if we want, we can do it in the future, but time can never shrink. This is why it is impossible to travel in the past, but if we say that it is possible and that anti-reaction will increase your interest, then if we have to travel in time then it is possible only in a parallel universe. But we cannot understand the parallel world well yet, so we will have to create this theory accordingly, then the time travel that will happen will happen in the parallel world that we have created with our own thoughts. Because till now the parallel universe has remained only a thesis. So stick to this theory and the whole society will follow you. If you have any questions, you can tell me in the chat box below, I will definitely answer you. Lets begin the journey After starting this I want to ask you question Is time travel in past can be possible because if we do there would be so many paradoxes we have to face like Grandfather paradoxes and Butterfly Effect. If you don’t know about these then might be you think that what’s these..? ​ Grandfather Paradox- Let’s suppose you have a time machine and you traveled in past And unfortunately because of You your Grandfather got killed in his childhood in the age of 6. Then what happen? Just think logically that if your Grandfather never married with any woman then your father will not birth in this world and if he don’t birth in this world You might be not birth in the world So in present if you don’t exists how did you traveled in past and killed your Grandfather? Tricky right… You can read About the Butterfly effect By yourself…. And cause of we are humans and we often made mistakes we can say that there will be a huge chance that we messed up past.. So with this, This is confirm that we cannot travel in past. Even not in the theory. But we are humans and we are free to think and assume don’t we? Of course many scientists claim that past time travel isn’t possible. So my theory is What if we do travel in past and change it but in result nothing will change in our world cause of our mistake or action, Note that I said in our world. As we know we are not alone in the universe there can be a lot of creature like us or advance from us or lower from us in different sector. And there would be a chance that there would be an parallel universe like us. Parallel Universe is a universe which had many similarities and many differences too. This is a hypothesis universe but it can be true. My theory is a mixture of parallel universe and time travel. There are huge chance that we humans will be able to travel in past but the problem will be we can only observe them but can’t change anything if we dare and try to change anything then The past that we traveled will become a parallel universe and continuous it’s own different future than us. In short if we do the grandfather paradox there then even if we kill the grandfather we will be secure but in that died grandfather universe we actually never be able to exists there. It might be the reason why the party of the time travelers by Stephen hawking was empty cause maybe the travelers don’t want to change the universe. With this almost every paradox can be solved. And whenever we felt Déjà vu there would be the cause of we already felt it on parallel universe and we are connected by that ourselves from that universe to this Universe.. Every action has an appropriate reaction We all know that every action has an appropriate reaction, so you must be thinking that you have said that time travel will happen in the past but not in our parallel universe, but will it have any impact in our universe? , Can it have any opposing impact? Well, we can think something now, but because we have given you this universe, it must have been created by imagination and if we do anything in it, we will not see any effect on the present. We will not get it, that is a different matter that this is just our thought, so maybe there can be some reaction. You can tell in the chat box given below whether you have any idea whether this could be a reaction? Chat Section If you have any question ask me here....

Chandrayaan-3: India's Next Lunar Odyssey India has made remarkable strides in space exploration over the past few decades, and one of its most ambitious projects is the Chandrayaan series. Following the success of Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is gearing up for the next mission in this lunar exploration series - Chandrayaan-3. This article explores the history, objectives, budget, and significance of Chandrayaan-3. Introduction India has made remarkable strides in space exploration over the past few decades, and one of its most ambitious projects is the Chandrayaan series. Following the success of Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is gearing up for the next mission in this lunar exploration series - Chandrayaan-3. This article explores the history, objectives, budget, and significance of Chandrayaan-3. History of Chandrayan Missions Chandrayaan-1, India's maiden lunar mission, was launched in October 2008. It made significant contributions to lunar science by discovering water molecules on the moon's surface and mapping its topography. Despite a shorter-than-expected mission life, Chandrayaan-1 marked a monumental achievement for ISRO. ​ Chandrayaan-2, launched in July 2019, was India's second lunar exploration mission and aimed to further our understanding of the moon. It included an orbiter, a lander (Vikram), and a rover (Pragyan). While the lander failed to make a soft landing, the orbiter continues to provide valuable data about the moon. ​ Chandrayaan-3: The Next Frontier ​ Chandrayaan-3 is the much-anticipated follow-up mission in India's lunar exploration program. The primary objective of Chandrayaan-3 is to successfully land a rover on the moon's surface, building upon the experience and technology developed during Chandrayaan-2. ​ Key Objectives of Chandrayaan-3: Lunar Surface Exploration: Chandrayaan-3 will carry a rover to explore the moon's surface, collecting valuable data about its geology, mineral composition, and topography. Scientific Research: The rover will conduct scientific experiments to enhance our understanding of the moon's history and evolution, helping unravel mysteries about our closest celestial neighbor. International Collaboration: ISRO plans to collaborate with international space agencies and institutions, facilitating the exchange of knowledge and expertise in lunar science and exploration. Budget and Funding The budget for Chandrayaan-3 is estimated to be around $200 million, making it a cost-effective lunar mission compared to many other international counterparts. ISRO has a track record of delivering successful missions within budget constraints, showcasing its efficient use of resources. ​ Challenges and Preparations Landing on the moon is no small feat, and ISRO is well aware of the challenges that lie ahead. Learning from the lessons of Chandrayaan-2, ISRO has undertaken extensive preparations, including rigorous testing and simulation exercises, to ensure the successful soft landing of the rover. ​ The recent advancements in technology and lessons learned from previous missions are expected to enhance the chances of success for Chandrayaan-3. ISRO's commitment to perfection and determination to push the boundaries of space exploration remain unwavering. ​ Significance of Chandrayaan-3 Chandrayaan-3 holds immense significance for India and the global scientific community: Advancing Lunar Exploration: Successful implementation of Chandrayaan-3 will demonstrate India's capabilities in lunar exploration, strengthening its position in the global space community. Scientific Discoveries: The data collected by the rover will contribute to a deeper understanding of the moon's geological history and may provide insights into the broader processes of planetary evolution. International Collaboration: Collaborative efforts with other space agencies foster knowledge exchange, making Chandrayaan-3 a collaborative effort for the betterment of scientific understanding. Conclusion Chandrayaan-3 represents another significant step in India's journey of space exploration, building upon the successes and experiences of previous missions. With its budget-conscious approach, ISRO aims to prove once again that cutting-edge science and technology can be achieved efficiently. As we eagerly await the launch of Chandrayaan-3, the world looks forward to the scientific discoveries and advancements that it will undoubtedly bring to the field of lunar exploration. Chat Section If you have any question ask me here.... Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Zombie Planets Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

The Dream Mission My greatest experience of dream Mars mission. Overview People must have had many dreams and those dreams would be very unique, but my dream is very unique. Today I will share with you this dream journey full of very interesting and adventures. In this dream of mine, I have done the complete mission of Mars and there are many twists in that too, which I will tell you further in this article. The article is The Dream Mission Dream Mars Mission ​​It was night time, I was tossing and turning on the bed trying to sleep, I was not able to sleep because of fever, I went to 9, I fell asleep with great difficulty, but at 2:30 suddenly I woke up because I Weird dreams of mars were coming, sometimes take off, sometimes horrible dreams of crash on mars, and one side had fever, sleep was gone, I was having dreams even while awake, I mean call it a dream or what it was, I don't know. No, but that picture was running in my mind, just such strange things were visible in front of my eyes, I was trying to sleep, but I was not able to sleep. I felt as if all this was happening in reality, dreams come during sleep but I was having dreams even with my eyes open, this experience was the most unique and a little difficult in my life. I cannot describe that moment clearly, but in a few moments, all those things were coming before my eyes, sometimes the scenes of my plane crashing and getting lost in space were coming to the fore, along with me there were other scenes of mine. There were astronauts who came with me in this mission, there was also a scene in which our return vehicle from Mars breaks down and we are fixing it, there was also a scene in which I am in space and I hear the voices of my companions. I heard that people are calling my name, I am not reacting, there is darkness in front of my eyes, my eyes are half open and closed, it seems as if I am going to faint in some time, even my space suit will not take me much longer. I won't be able to save myself, I am just wandering in this lonely and quiet space. The next moment my crew is in front of me. This experience was very exciting and memorable, I am sitting in our space craft, we probably Have forgotten the direction, coordinates are in my ears and only computer screens are visible in front of me, there are many difficulties coming in this journey and we are struggling with them, I was not able to see this scene clearly but in some time it It was appearing in front of my eyes, I am out of control, I am not able to move, what to do, the path is not swelling, the bass is moving round and round and I don't know in any direction, I am not in control, there is chaos all around, NASA is helping us, we are trying to control it somehow, some noises are coming all around and it seems as if we are about to crash, some society is not coming, there are all the screens in the evening which have all the information. And controls too, and only then we lose everything and crash, when we open our eyes, everything is scattered, some have holes in their suits, some are badly hurt, all these things are happening while the eyes are in it. Then it opens, now it was around 4 o'clock, these strange dreams were happening again and again, on top of that, I was running fever, my condition was bad, sometimes I used to sit and sometimes I tried to sleep, the dreams were not allowing me to sleep, and so on. While all this is happening, I catch my eye, yes a lot more happened in between but I will tell you about it later, when I woke up, it was already morning, there was a different freshness in this morning but I was completely tired, quite a unique experience which It happened that the government spends crores of rupees to reach Mars but I enjoyed the journey to Mars by eating only 2-3 sweets. This whole article is based on a real dream experience. Its second part will also come soon. Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts Zombie Planets Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

LHS 1140b LHS 1140b is an exoplanet that orbits the red dwarf star LHS 1140, which is located in the constellation Cetus, approximately 41 light-years away from Earth. Discovered in 2017, LHS 1140b has garnered significant attention in the field of exoplanet research due to its potential for habitability and its relatively close proximity to our solar system. Here's a detailed explanation of LHS 1140b, including information about its characteristics, atmosphere, and the potential for extraterrestrial life Basic Characteristics: Size and Type: LHS 1140b is a super-Earth, which means it is larger than Earth but smaller than gas giants like Neptune. It has a radius about 1.4 times that of Earth. Orbit: It orbits its host star, LHS 1140, which is a red dwarf star, in the habitable zone. The habitable zone is the region around a star where conditions may be right for liquid water to exist on the surface of a planet, a crucial factor for the potential of life as we know it. 2. Atmosphere of TRAPPIST-1 Exoplanets: Information about the specific composition and characteristics of the atmospheres of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets is not fully known. Detecting and characterizing exoplanet atmospheres is a challenging task that requires advanced telescopes and instruments. Astronomers have conducted studies to analyze the potential atmospheres of these exoplanets. The presence of atmospheres would be an essential factor in determining their habitability and potential for hosting life. Habitability Factors: Temperature: LHS 1140b's location in the habitable zone suggests that it may have the right temperatures for liquid water, a key ingredient for life, to exist on its surface. Stable Environment: Being in a stable orbit around a red dwarf star, LHS 1140b is less likely to experience extreme variations in radiation, making it more suitable for habitability. Challenges to Habitability: Red dwarf stars like LHS 1140 are known for their propensity to emit high levels of X-ray and ultraviolet radiation, which can be harmful to potential atmospheres and surface conditions. However, LHS 1140b's proximity to its host star may help protect it from excessive radiation. Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Detecting signs of extraterrestrial life on LHS 1140b would require advanced instruments and observational techniques, including studying the planet's atmosphere for biosignatures such as oxygen, methane, and other chemical imbalances that could indicate biological activity. Upcoming space telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and advanced ground-based observatories will play a crucial role in characterizing exoplanets like LHS 1140b and searching for signs of life. Comparison with Earth LHS 1140b and Earth are two vastly different planets, each with its own unique characteristics. Here's a comparison between the two: Size and Composition: LHS 1140b: LHS 1140b is classified as a super-Earth, meaning it is larger than Earth. It has a radius about 1.4 times that of Earth. Its composition is not well-known, but it is believed to be a rocky planet like Earth. Earth: Earth is a terrestrial planet with a well-documented composition. It has a radius of approximately 6,371 kilometers and is primarily composed of rock and metal. Distance from its Star: LHS 1140b: LHS 1140b orbits its host star, LHS 1140, at a much closer distance than Earth orbits the Sun. This proximity to its star means that LHS 1140b likely has a shorter orbital period, potentially resulting in different climate and weather patterns compared to Earth. Earth: Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 149.6 million kilometers (93 million miles). This distance places it in the habitable zone, allowing for the existence of liquid water and the relatively stable climate conditions that have supported life for billions of years. Host Star: LHS 1140b: LHS 1140b orbits a red dwarf star known as LHS 1140. Red dwarfs are cooler and smaller than our Sun, which can have implications for the conditions on planets orbiting them. Earth: Earth orbits a G-type main-sequence star, which is often referred to as a yellow dwarf. The Sun is much hotter and larger than LHS 1140, providing Earth with a different energy source. Atmosphere and Climate: LHS 1140b: The composition of LHS 1140b's atmosphere is not well-known, but it's a crucial factor for habitability. Its climate and weather patterns would be influenced by its proximity to its star and the composition of its atmosphere. Earth: Earth has a diverse atmosphere primarily composed of nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%), which is essential for supporting life as we know it. Earth's atmosphere plays a critical role in regulating its temperature and climate. Potential for Life: LHS 1140b: LHS 1140b is considered a potentially habitable exoplanet due to its location in the habitable zone. However, the presence of life or conditions suitable for life on LHS 1140b is purely speculative at this point and requires further study. Earth: Earth is the only known planet with confirmed life. It has a rich diversity of life forms, from microorganisms to complex multicellular organisms, including humans. Related Articles....... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-452b KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b

MARS

SPACE EXPLORATION SERIES Welcome visitors to your site with a short, engaging introduction. Double click to edit and add your own text. Start Now The Messier Objects Welcome visitors to your site with a short, engaging introduction. Double click to edit and add your own text. Start Now The Unique Galaxies Welcome visitors to your site with a short, engaging introduction. Double click to edit and add your own text. Start Now

Map of Trappist-1 star system Trappist-1 System Heliocentric system is a fully functional detail map of our solar system with sun and all planets and natural satellites of all planets, asteroids and comets also. we designed this map as natural and graphical and easy to understand our solar system at first time. Trappist-1 b c d e f g h

White Hole White holes are theoretical regions of spacetime where matter and energy are thought to emerge outward, representing the hypothetical opposite of black holes. Understanding White Holes: The concept of white holes is a fascinating but theoretical idea within the realm of astrophysics, offering a hypothetical counterpart to black holes in our understanding of the universe. While black holes are regions of spacetime from which nothing can escape, including light, white holes are envisioned as the opposite—a theoretical region where matter and energy can only emerge outward, never to be re-entered. This reversal of the gravitational behavior of black holes forms the basis of the concept of white holes. ​ White holes arise as solutions to the equations of general relativity, which describe the curvature of spacetime in the presence of mass and energy. They represent peculiar regions where spacetime curvature diverges from that of black holes, resulting in the outward flow of matter and energy. However, while the mathematical framework of general relativity supports the existence of white holes, there is currently no observational evidence to confirm their existence. ​ Theoretical models of white holes suggest intriguing properties, including the reversal of time near their central singularities. Whereas black holes represent the ultimate endpoint of gravitational collapse, white holes imply a reversal of this process, with matter and energy emerging outward from a central point. Additionally, some theoretical frameworks propose connections between black holes and white holes through wormholes, hypothetical tunnels in spacetime that could provide passages between different regions of the universe. ​ Despite their theoretical appeal, the existence of white holes remains speculative, and several challenges hinder their direct observation or detection. The extreme conditions required for the formation of white holes, coupled with their theoretical nature, pose significant obstacles to observational studies. Nevertheless, white holes continue to capture the imagination of scientists and cosmologists, serving as intriguing objects that push the boundaries of our understanding of the universe's fundamental laws and the mysteries that lie beyond. How White Hole Forms? The formation of white holes is a speculative concept within theoretical astrophysics, and there are several proposed mechanisms for their origin. One hypothesis suggests that white holes could arise as a result of the reverse process of black hole formation. In this scenario, instead of matter collapsing inward under gravity to form a singularity, external forces or quantum effects prevent further collapse, leading to a rebound or "bounce" that results in the outward expulsion of matter and energy. Another possibility is that white holes could emerge from quantum fluctuations or exotic phenomena in the early universe. During the extreme conditions of the universe's infancy, quantum fluctuations could have given rise to regions of spacetime exhibiting the characteristics of white holes, where matter and energy escape outward rather than collapsing inward. ​ Despite these speculative scenarios, the formation of white holes remains an open question in astrophysics, as their extreme nature and theoretical properties pose significant challenges to observational confirmation. Further research and theoretical investigations are needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind white hole formation and their potential role in the cosmos. Is a White Hole connected to a Black Hole? The concept of a black hole being connected to a white hole on the other side is often discussed in theoretical physics and science fiction, but it remains speculative and has not been supported by observational evidence. This idea is based on the theoretical possibility of a wormhole—a hypothetical tunnel-like structure in spacetime that could connect two distant points or even different universes. ​ Here's how the concept of a black hole connected to a white hole through a wormhole is typically envisioned: Wormholes: Wormholes are theoretical solutions to the equations of general relativity that suggest the existence of shortcuts or tunnels through spacetime. These structures would allow matter, energy, or information to travel between distant regions of the universe more quickly than would be possible through normal space. Black Hole Throat and White Hole Throat: In the context of a black hole connected to a white hole, the black hole's event horizon is considered the entrance or "throat" of the wormhole, while the white hole's event horizon is considered the exit or "throat" of the wormhole. One-Way Passage: Theoretical models of this scenario typically involve a one-way passage of matter and energy through the wormhole, with objects falling into the black hole's event horizon emerging from the white hole's event horizon. This setup resembles the behavior of a black hole and a white hole in isolation, where matter falls into the former and escapes from the latter. Cosmological Implications: If black holes and white holes are indeed connected through wormholes, it would have profound implications for our understanding of the universe's structure and dynamics. It could provide a mechanism for the transfer of matter, energy, or even information between different regions of spacetime or even different universes. Speculative Nature: While the concept of black holes connected to white holes through wormholes is mathematically consistent with the laws of general relativity, there is currently no observational evidence to support its existence. Wormholes are highly speculative and remain purely theoretical constructs at this point. ​ Overall, while the idea of a black hole being connected to a white hole through a wormhole is fascinating and has captured the imagination of scientists and science fiction writers alike, it remains speculative and requires further theoretical and observational investigation to determine its validity. Theoretical researches on White Hole : Research on white holes primarily falls within the realms of theoretical physics and cosmology, as there is currently no observational evidence for the existence of white holes. However, scientists have proposed various theories and explored different aspects of white holes within the framework of general relativity and quantum mechanics. Here are some key areas of research and theories related to white holes: ​ Mathematical Analysis: Much of the research on white holes involves mathematical analysis within the framework of general relativity. Scientists have derived theoretical solutions to the Einstein field equations that describe the geometry of spacetime in the presence of a white hole. Relationship to Black Holes: One prominent area of research involves exploring the relationship between black holes and white holes. Some theoretical models suggest that black holes and white holes may be connected through wormholes, hypothetical tunnels in spacetime that could allow matter and energy to travel between them. Hawking Radiation Reversal: Analogous to black holes emitting Hawking radiation, some theories propose that white holes could absorb radiation and matter from their surroundings, leading to a reversal of the Hawking radiation process. This idea is speculative and remains an area of active research. Formation Mechanisms: Scientists have proposed various mechanisms for the formation of white holes. Some theories suggest that white holes could arise as the reverse process of black hole formation, while others speculate that they may emerge from quantum fluctuations or other exotic processes in the early universe. Cosmological Significance: White holes have been proposed as potential explanations for phenomena such as gamma-ray bursts, extremely energetic events observed in distant galaxies. Researchers continue to explore the cosmological implications of white holes and their potential role in the evolution of the universe. Quantum Gravity: Understanding the behavior of white holes may provide insights into the quantum nature of gravity and the unification of quantum mechanics and general relativity. Investigating white holes within the framework of quantum gravity theories, such as loop quantum gravity or string theory, remains an area of active theoretical research. Multiverse Hypothesis: Some speculative cosmological models, such as the multiverse hypothesis, suggest that white holes could be connected to other universes within a larger cosmic ensemble. Research on white holes intersects with broader discussions about the nature of the multiverse and the possibility of other universes beyond our own. ​ Overall, research on white holes spans a wide range of theoretical and conceptual domains within physics and cosmology. While white holes remain hypothetical constructs, exploring their properties and implications contributes to our understanding of the fundamental nature of the universe. Is the White holes are the creator of our universe? The concept of white holes serving as creators of the universe is a speculative idea that lacks empirical evidence and remains largely confined to theoretical discussions. While white holes are theoretical constructs derived from general relativity, positing them as sources from which matter and energy emanate outward, there is no scientific substantiation for their role as the creators of the universe. The prevailing cosmological understanding, rooted in the Big Bang theory, describes the universe's origin as an immensely dense and hot state expanding from a singularity around 13.8 billion years ago. This model does not incorporate white holes as fundamental to universal creation. White holes, if they exist, are envisioned as regions of spacetime where matter and energy escape rather than enter. While the idea of white holes as creators may be intriguing, it remains speculative and lacks empirical support. Other cosmological hypotheses, such as inflationary cosmology or multiverse theories, provide alternative explanations for the universe's origins without invoking white holes. Therefore, while the concept stimulates theoretical discourse, it currently lacks empirical validation and is not widely accepted within the scientific community. White Holes are not possible in Quantum Physics: In the realm of quantum physics, the concept of white holes faces significant challenges due to the fundamental principles governing quantum mechanics. Quantum physics describes the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales, where traditional notions of spacetime curvature may break down. One key challenge is reconciling the deterministic nature of general relativity, which underpins the concept of white holes, with the inherent uncertainty and probabilistic behavior inherent in quantum mechanics. Additionally, white holes are associated with extreme gravitational conditions and singularities, where quantum effects are expected to become significant. However, current quantum gravity theories, such as loop quantum gravity or string theory, have not yet provided a complete framework for describing the behavior of spacetime near singularities or within the context of white holes. Therefore, while quantum physics offers valuable insights into the nature of the universe, the theoretical challenges inherent in combining quantum mechanics with general relativity present obstacles to the existence of white holes within a purely quantum framework. Other Articles.... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop Parallel World Travel Age of our Universe Zombie Planets Black Hole

Creation of Mind Loop This article is about mind and power of mind and totally different mindset which blows your mind. Introduction In this article, I will tell you a mindset that will shock you. After a lot of deep thinking and hard work, I am writing this article. This article is basically about our mind, what is it?, how is it?, what is the impact?, I will tell you all this further in the article, so reading the entire article will be very interesting and mind opening. And if you have not signed up, then do it quickly and subscribe so that you can be the first to get whatever new update comes, keep watching, and stay tuned. Unique Mindset I believe that whatever we are seeing or thinking is the work of our mind, it could just be our desire to think too far or the desire to get fame. And I am not only saying this, behind this also I have some strong point of view, which I will explain to you further. So first of all you clear this that what I want to say and what is my point, I am simply saying that we are making new theories in the universe and all these discoveries etc. are all just a mindset of ours. There is potential and all the theories that have been made are here. Understand that today I have given you a strong statement and someone else has modified and presented the same statement in a better way, this is the theory. I am not saying at all that all this is wrong, just till this article you should believe that all this is the power of our imagination. Like I got an idea today that this should also be there in the universe, then my mind will start thinking more about that thing which is not there, it will start creating itself and will force me to think or to believe that My opinion is absolutely correct. This thing cannot be understood by explaining it further but perhaps if you have had such an experience then you can understand it better. The simple thing is that it could just be an illusion or overthinking of the retard. You have understood all these things, but you will say that this is just your assumption, there is no proof, I will give you that too. You must have heard about the double slit experiment, it also has the same thing. And there is a theory in which scientists are saying that the world around us is just a binary code. When you focus on that thing then it comes into real state and back it becomes virtual, so let me tell you in a similar theory. What I have created may just be my idea or my overthinking and it is also possible that I may get trapped in the loop of my own theory. The name of this theory is - "Multiplicity of Thoughts", I have given a short explanation of it in the theory section, but I felt that this topic can be very interesting, hence I am writing a special article on it. So as you experience all these things, it creates a virtualness. You must decide once to think about any domain, think something or the other that you want to be this saree, if you keep thinking in your mind for 10-20 days, then you will also feel its effect. You must have heard about the Law of Attraction, so it also adds more depth to my theory. Scientist also proved that our soul can also travel in sleeping mode, so my conclusion of this theory comes from all these points. It was only till now and I know that you will have many questions, so you can ask me through personal mail or chat on the website. And make sure to subscribe to the website. Chat Section If you have any question ask me here.... Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Zombie Planets STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Latest News Latest Press Mentions Exciting Findings at Spacelia Add a News Article with a short summary and a link. You can also add a video for extra engagement. Be detailed and thorough to interest your readers, and include links to the original story online. A Revolutionary Space Exploration Lab Add a News Article with a short summary and a link. You can also add a video for extra engagement. Be detailed and thorough to interest your readers, and include links to the original story online. Top Discoveries of the Decade Add a News Article with a short summary and a link. You can also add a video for extra engagement. Be detailed and thorough to interest your readers, and include links to the original story online. Chandrayan-3 We proudly say that our Indian Space Research Organization declares chandrayan-3 mission details, ISRO is likely to launch Chandrayaan-3 on July 14, 2023 at 2:30 pm from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota. The mission involves landing a rover on the lunar surface. The mission has been budgeted at Rs 615 crore. Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. It has a lander and rover configuration. click here to see chandrayan-3 launch Aditya L1 Aditya L1 shall be the first space based Indian mission to study the Sun. The spacecraft shall be placed in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) of the Sun-Earth system, which is about 1.5 million km from the Earth. A satellite placed in the halo orbit around the L1 point has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/eclipses. it will be launch on 2nd september 11:50, and it will take about 109 days to reach l1 point. click here to see Aditya-L1 launch T Coronae Borealis Outburst Have you ever wished you could witness a stellar explosion? Well, 2024 might just be your year! A fascinating binary star system called T Coronae Borealis (T CrB), also known as the Blaze Star, is a potential candidate for a spectacular outburst this year. But before we get into the fireworks, let’s delve into the intriguing configuration of this cosmic duo. click here to read blog

Multiness of Thoughts What we doing, what we experiencing, what we thinking is a multiness of thoughts Multiness of Thoughts What we are experiencing right now, whether we have a dream or a thought represents o ur future, it means that what we think will happen to us, so always keep positive thinking. You may have seen the movie Interstellar where a man controls the fourth diamentio from the future and how our present is connected to our past, this basic concept is what I call the concept of Multiness of Thoughts. this concept is also connected with quantum theories, because this theory also say that all thigs which we see is create with our thoughts and after we see it's die immediately. An idea that forces us to think, what you are thinking now or what is happening to you is dependent on your footing, but how? What if you go ahead and get a good job, but you don't study? So you may not have sat on that achievement. Just like in the interstellar movie, your future is writing the present to you, the result of what you are doing now will be found in the future, so it is you who controls you from the future in the present. And against this, even if you connect the concept to the deje wan effect, you will get today's result, if future is actual then present, not actually, but yes it can be said that future is as equivalent as our present thoughts or our present situation right. And this universe is also a part of our concept, science su? Science is a medium to show our thoughts and our ability, so what is not like science? Not actually but science is a loop made up of our thoughts and just a thought? Is there a medium we use to present our skills? And all this is a multiplicity of ideas. It is human nature that if you think about something, then you walk in the light of that thing and your thoughts start to create that thing. So everything is just an illusion. We are a part of this universe, so whatever theories we have are the thoughts of our mind which we want to make true by any means. You must have experienced that sometimes when you go into deep thoughts, that thought seems true to you in real life too and this also happens with our dreams, then everything is fine, it is just an illusion of our thoughts and brain. This theory is the theory of multiness of thoughts. Other Articles...... Dark Energy Zombie Planets The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Chandra X-Ray Observatory Unraveling the Cosmic Tapestry: Chandra X-ray Observatory's Saga ​ In the grand cosmic theater, where the universe dons its most enigmatic costumes, the Chandra X-ray Observatory stands as humanity's eye into the unseen realms. Launched by NASA in 1999, Chandra has been an unrivaled pioneer, deciphering the universe's secrets encoded in X-ray frequencies. In this comprehensive exploration, we embark on a captivating journey, unveiling the multifaceted story of Chandra – its functions, motives, structure, historic milestones, and the mesmerizing discoveries that have reshaped our understanding of the cosmos. ​ X-ray Vision: Chandra's Functions and Motive Unveiling Cosmic Hotspots Chandra's primary function is to observe high-energy X-rays emanating from celestial objects. By capturing these elusive rays, it unveils the hottest, most dynamic regions of the universe, revealing details invisible to other telescopes. ​ Decoding Stellar Life Cycles From supernova remnants to pulsars and black holes, Chandra plays a crucial role in decoding the life cycles of stellar objects. It's a cosmic detective, providing insights into the birth, evolution, and demise of stars. ​ Probing Galactic Nuclei Chandra's gaze extends to the hearts of galaxies, where supermassive black holes reside. By studying the radiation emitted from these active galactic nuclei, scientists gain essential clues about the cosmic processes at play. ​ Charting the Cosmic Web Chandra contributes to mapping the large-scale structure of the universe, uncovering the vast cosmic web formed by the distribution of hot gas between galaxies. ​ Engineering Marvel: The Structure of Chandra X-ray Observatory Mirrors of Precision Chandra's mirrors are coated with a thin layer of iridium, a choice that enhances reflectivity in the X-ray range. Nested mirrors, rather than traditional lenses, focus the incoming X-rays onto detectors with exceptional precision. Space-Resilient Design Crafted to endure the rigors of space, Chandra orbits Earth in an elliptical trajectory, minimizing interference from the planet's radiation belts. This resilient design ensures the telescope's longevity and sustained scientific contributions. Chronicles of Chandra: A Historic Journey Launch into the Unknown Chandra embarked on its cosmic odyssey aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia on July 23, 1999. Named after the astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, the telescope began its mission to unravel the mysteries of the X-ray universe. Milestones and Legacy Throughout its journey, Chandra has left an indelible mark on astrophysics. From confirming the existence of dark energy to identifying numerous neutron stars, its discoveries have rewritten the cosmic narrative. Conclusion: Chandra's Ongoing Odyssey As we reflect on the cosmic voyage of the Chandra X-ray Observatory, we recognize its indispensable role in reshaping our cosmic comprehension. The observatory continues to unravel the X-ray mysteries, painting a vivid portrait of the universe's hidden intricacies. "X-ray Pioneers" pays homage to the brilliance of Chandra – a beacon illuminating the celestial darkness, guiding us into the depths of the cosmos where new revelations await discovery. Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Zombie Planets Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1 Osiris-REx Mission

2021 Space Discoveries Amateur astronomer discovers a new moon around Jupiter A previously-unknown moon has been detected around the largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter is a giant, so it gravitationally attracts many objects into its vicinity. Earth has one major moon, Mars has two: but Jupiter boasts at least 79 moons, and there may be dozens or hundreds more of them that astronomers have yet to identify. The latest discovery was made by amateur astronomer Kai Ly, who found evidence of this Jovian moon in a data set from 2003 that had been collected by researchers using the 3.6-meter Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) on Mauna Kea. Ly they confirmed the moon was likely bound to Jupiter's gravity using data from another telescope called Subaru. The new moon, called EJc0061, belongs to the Carme group of Jovian moons. They orbit in the opposite direction of Jupiter's rotation at an extreme tilt relative to Jupiter's orbital plane. NASA will return to Venus this decade Mars is a popular target for space agencies, but Earth's other neighbor has been garnering more attention recently. In 2020, researchers announced that they had detected traces of phosphine in Venus' atmosphere. It is a possible biosignature gas, and the news certainly reawakened interest in the planet. In early June 2021, NASA announced it will launch two missions to Venus by 2030. One mission, called DAVINCI+ (short for Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging, Plus) will descend through the planet's atmosphere to learn about how it has changed over time. The other mission, VERITAS (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) will attempt to map the planet's terrain from orbit like never before. Venus has been visited by robotic probes, but NASA has not launched a dedicated mission to the planet since 1989. The interest in Martian exploration may be one reason why Venus has been neglected in recent decades, but the second planet from the sun is also a challenging place to study. Although it may have once been a balmy world with oceans and rivers, a runaway greenhouse effect took hold of Venus around 700 million years ago and now the planet's surface is hot enough to melt lead. The sun is reawakening The sun was experiencing a quiet time in its roughly decade-long cycle, but it is now exiting that phase. The sun has had very little activity in recent years, but the star's surface is now erupting in powerful events that spew out charged particles towards Earth. In early November, for instance, a series of solar outbursts triggered a large geomagnetic storm on our planet. This eruption is known as a coronal mass ejection, or CME. It's essentially a billion-ton cloud of solar material with magnetic fields, and when this bubble pops, it blasts a stream of energetic particles out into the solar system. If this material heads in the direction of Earth, it interacts with our planet's own magnetic field and causes disturbances. These can include ethereal displays of auroras near Earth's poles, but can also include satellite disruptions and energy losses. James Webb Space Telescope flies into space A whole new era of space science began on Christmas Day 2021 with the successful launch of the world's next major telescope. NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency are collaborating on the $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), a project more than three decades in the making. Space telescopes take a long time to plan and assemble: The vision for this particular spacecraft began before its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope, had even launched into Earth orbit. Whereas Hubble orbits a few hundred miles from Earth's surface, JWST is heading to an observational perch located about a million miles from our planet. The telescope began its journey towards this spot, called the Earth-sun Lagrange Point 2 (L2), on Dec. 25, 2021 at 7:20 a.m. EST (1220 GMT) when an Ariane 5 rocket launched the precious payload from Europe's Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana. The telescope will help astronomers answer questions about the evolution of the universe and provide a deeper understanding about the objects found in our very own solar system. Event Horizon Telescope takes high-resolution image of black hole jet In July 2021, the novel project behind the world's first photo of a black hole published an image of a powerful jet blasting off from one of these supermassive objects. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a global collaboration of eight observatories that work together to create one Earth-sized telescope. The end result is a resolution that is 16 times sharper and an image that is 10 times more accurate than what was possible before. Scientists used EHT's incredible abilities to observe a powerful jet being ejected by the supermassive black hole at the center of the Centaurus A galaxy, one of the brightest objects in the night sky. The galaxy's black hole is so large that it has the mass of 55 million suns. Scientists spot the closest-known black hole to Earth Just 1,500 light-years from Earth lies the closest-known black hole to Earth, now called "The Unicorn ." Tiny black holes are hard to spot, but scientists managed to find this one when they noticed strange behavior from its companion star, a red giant. Researchers observed its light shifting in intensity, which suggested to them that another object was tugging on the star. This black hole is super-lightweight at just three solar masses. Its location in the constellation Monoceros ("the unicorn") and its rarity have inspired this black hole's name. Earth's second 'moon' flies off into space An object dropped into Earth's orbit like a second moon, and this year, it made its final close approach of our planet. It is classified as a "minimoon," or temporary satellite. But it's no stray space rock — the object, known as 2020 SO, is a leftover fragment of a 1960s rocket booster from the American Surveyor moon missions. On Feb. 2, 2021, 2020 SO reached 58% of the way between Earth and the moon, roughly 140,000 miles (220,000 kilometers) from our planet. It was the minimoon's final approach, but not its closest trip to Earth. It achieved its shortest distance to our planet a few months prior, on Dec. 1, 2020. It has since drifted off into space and away from Earth's orbit, never to return. Parker Solar Probe travels through the sun's atmosphere This year, NASA's sun-kissing spacecraft swam within a structure that's only visible during total solar eclipses and was able to measure exactly where the star's "point of no return" is located. The Parker Solar Probe has been zooming through the inner solar system to make close approaches to the sun for the past three years, and it is designed to help scientists learn about what creates the solar wind, a sea of charged particles that flow out of the sun and can affect Earth in many ways. The spacecraft stepped into the sun's outer atmosphere, known as the corona , during its eight solar flyby. The April 28 maneuver supplied the data that confirmed the exact location of the Alfvén critical surface: the point where the solar wind flows away from the sun, never to return. The probe managed to get as low as 15 solar radii, or 8.1 million miles (13 million km) from the sun's surface. It was there that it passed through a huge structure called a pseudostreamer, which can be seen from Earth when the moon blocks the light from the sun's disk during a solar eclipse . In a statement about the discovery, NASA officials described that part of the trip as "flying into the eye of a storm." Perseverance begins studying rocks on Mars Last but not least, this year marked the arrival of NASA's Perseverance rover on Mars. The mission has been working hard to find traces of ancient Martian life since it reached the Red Planet on Feb. 18, 2021. Engineers have equipped Perseverance with powerful cameras to help the mission team decide what rocks are worth investigating. One of Perseverance's most charming findings has been "Harbor Seal Rock ," a curiously-shaped feature that was probably carved out by the Martian wind over many years. Perseverance has also obtained several rock samples this year, which will be collected by the space agency for analysis at some point in the future. Perseverance is taking its observations from the 28-mile-wide (45 kilometers) Jezero Crater, which was home to a river delta and a deep lake billions of years ago.

Discovered Exoplanets Kepler Telescope NASA's Kepler spacecraft was launched to search for Earth-like planets orbiting other stars. It discovered more than 2,600 of these "exoplanets"—including many that are promising places for life to exist.

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Jainism and Science In this section we talk about some same points between jainism and science. Similarity You might be wondering what Jainism has to do with science? So now I am going to tell you about such science which was said in Jainism thousands of years ago. You know that science has proved the soul and has told that there is a soul, but this thing is already written in Jainism, let me give you a real life example - "Once a girl was admitted in the hospital. And that girl had come to that hospital for the first time, then that girl woke up in the morning and told what all the things were on the roof of this hospital and how the roof was and explained it completely, the surprising thing is that the roof of that hospital It has been tied for many years and no one needs to know it, then how did that girl know all this? Because the soul of that girl had gone to that rooftop at night. "You might not know that our soul can also travel. This has also been proved by science, and all these things have already been written in Jainism. If you don't believe this then I can show you proof of many other such things. Jain people do not say anything after sunset at night, and you might be finding it unique that why is this so, science also says that one should not eat anything after sunset in the evening, there is a scientific reason for it as well which I will tell you about. Let me explain from the above, you must have seen the sunflower which opens as soon as the sun rises and closes again as soon as the sun sets, our stomach also works in the same way, that is why it is said in Jainism that One should eat after sunrise and not eat after sunset, and this has been proved by science today. And there is one thing which is scientifically proven that we should drink only hot water every day, hot means boiled water, there are many benefits of drinking it and science also accepts this. In our religion it is said to fast after every 15 days and our Lord also used to fast for a long time, a scientist conducted an experiment where some people were made to fast after 15 days and it The result was that the people who fasted were much healthier than the common people and there was a lot of change in their digestive system. Are all these things not enough to say that thousands of years ago, advanced people used to live and those people were none other than our Jains and we should be proud of that. Chat Section...... Other Articles.... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop Parallel World Travel Age of our Universe Zombie Planets

We are our GOD Warning : This is just a theory and a mindset, it has no relation with any religion, we do not promote any religion or caste, we are from the side of science and just look at it as a perspective, and do not connect it with religion. Overview...... We are our own God, it does not mean that we are God, so do not consider yourself a God, in this we have shown a view of how we control ourselves, if you guys have seen the movie Interstellar then you must have seen it in this. I am the character who is controlling it, i.e. manipulating it, in short we can say that we are our God. In this theory, I will also give you answers to many mysteries of the world, like the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids, the mystery of repeatedly seeing UFOs in the sky, and will also try to answer all these miracles, this theory is related to our space. Will answer all the questions. , but this is also an attitude of the mind. Our Perspective...... So let's start our journey, before that Batadu, we are not saying this against any religion, or we are not taking fever of any religion, we are just explaining the science, so please do not let it get into any religious controversy. Add So the first question you might be asking is how? How can this happen? You must have seen the movie Interstellar, in which it is shown that I am the character, he is the one who is contacting me, sending me messages, he is controlling me in short, so I am also in the same perspective. I want to understand but not on the claim of any movie but on my own strong claim. It is possible that our technology becomes so advanced that we become Type 5 or Type 7 civilization, and as you all know how advanced Type 5 civilization is and we also saw it in the movie Interstellar. So, by complementing time, we can make time a physical dimension as well, right, then with the same physical power we can also control our past and this is absolutely possible. Although it will definitely happen, it is possible that the one whom we are calling God is ourselves or God is a Type 7 Civilization, according to the future, we are controlling ourselves from the future itself to reach that future. I know it is very difficult to understand this concept easily but this concept can change the world, we cannot prove it, hence we can only show it in the form of a thesis or theory. But this theory can also become a strong side, I will make this theory a little easy and interesting so that you can understand it easily. So imagine that you are also a part of that Type 7 civilization and you can also control your own time dimension, then what will you do, obviously you will think only good for yourself and do good things for yourself, then only that. I want to make you understand that we are controlling ourselves. We have heard one more thing that if we think positive then we will be positive, and you must have heard another thing that whatever happens happens only for the good, so don't you think these things connect with my theory, you have seen people doing nothing before God. You might have asked for it and maybe many people might have got it, if I talk about myself, I have got it all. Have you heard about the Law of Attraction?, what it says is that you should be positive, keep positivity in your arms, ask for what you want from your heart, this universe will absorb that positivity and give you whatever you want, and surprisingly this concept also If you relate to this theory of mine, then can this theory become special which will give answers to all the questions related to our space and it is also related to all the concepts, what do you have to say, please tell me in the chat section. Now we come to our mysteries, what are these aliens? Who is this? So imagine, if we become type 7 civilization then we will be able to manipulate the time dimension also, then with this we will be able to go to the past and perhaps this UFO can be our space vehicle with the help of which we can travel in time. And these images of aliens are not aliens but advanced civilizations that are helping us, and after some time they may come to meet us through UFOs. Now this is the mystery of the pyramids of Giza in which we have not been able to find out yet how these pyramids were built, how they brought 500 kg of rocks at that time, and the biggest mystery of this is its direction and perfection, so can we say this? It is possible that we may have helped them in creating those pyramids, may be they needed us then and we have come to help them? If this happens, then this theory can also become the theory of everything by making some changes, Now coming to the miracle, what is it, we have never explained miracle properly in the language of science before, but I would like to explain something to you from this theory, do you remember the anomalies of gravitational and time that happened in the movie Interstellar? In the same way, we can consider miracles as an anomaly, I would not like to say this with complete confidence but I am just making my point, I am not saying that religion is wrong or anything else, I am just saying this in the language of science. I am defining miracle, this miracle can also be a message sent by our advanced civilization, for me it is absolutely possible, if we connect all these strange incidents that are happening then it will be perfect. Hey, there are some gap holes in this theory of mind, but it can answer most of the mysteries, it is possible that advanced civilization wants to contact us or it can be something to say or give a message. What do you have to say about this? we are still working on this theory and we are expanding it further, till then you read it, think and ask us questions in the chat box below. You will say that I am not able to understand anything well, no problem, I understand with an example. Everyone must be using a mobile phone, suppose you are currently using an Android phone and a new phone comes in the market, iPhone and it is many times better than your Android, then what will you do? Leave Android and buy iPhone, and they will give Android and put your SIM card in iPhone, right? If you relate our theory to this example, you will understand everything. We are Android inside which is the SIM card i.e. our soul. Then we die, someone changes the phone and puts our soul in another body. Now that Android phone is a body without a soul which we burn or bury. And all this is controlled by civilizations much more advanced than us. To understand this theory, we will have to imagine the era of Type 7 civilization and think like them. We will keep adding the remaining data to this theory. Chat Section If you have any question ask me here.... Other Articles...... Theories Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop Today Onward Theory Parallel World Travel STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-452b Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Hubble's Nebulae Hubble telescope discovered some nebulae here is an image and detail of the nebulae and other information about it. Emission Nebulae Emission nebulae are so named because they emit their own light. This type of nebula forms when the intense radiation of stars within or near the nebula energizes the gas. A star’s ultraviolet radiation floods the gas with so much energy that it strips electrons from the nebula’s hydrogen atoms, a process called ionization. As the energized electrons revert from their higher-energy state to a lower-energy state by recombining with atoms, they emit energy in the form of light, causing the nebula’s gas to glow. A famous example of an emission nebula is the Orion Nebula, a huge, star-forming nebula in the constellation Orion. The Orion Nebula is home to a star cluster defined by four massive stars known as the Trapezium. These stars are only a few hundred thousand years old, about 15-30 times the mass of the Sun, and so hot and bright that they’re responsible for illuminating the entire Orion nebula. But thousands of additional, mostly young stars are embedded in the nebula. The most massive are 50 to 100 times the mass of our Sun. The radiation and solar winds of stars within emission nebulae carve and sculpt the nebula’s gas, creating caverns and pillars but also creating pressures on the gas clouds that can give rise to more starbirth. ​ ​ ​ Reflection Nebulae Reflection nebulae reflect the light from nearby stars. The stars that illuminate them aren’t powerful enough to ionize the nebula’s gas, as with emission nebulae, but their light scatters through the gas and dust causing it to glow ― like a flashlight beam shining on mist in the dark. Because of the way light scatters when it hits the fine dust of the interstellar medium, these reflection nebulae are often bluish in color. A reflection nebula called NGC 1999 lies close to the famous Orion Nebula, about 1,500 light-years from Earth. The nebula is illuminated by a bright, recently formed star called V380 Orionis, and the gas and dust of the nebula is material left over from that star’s formation. A second well-known reflection nebula is illuminated by the Pleiades star cluster. Most nebulae around star clusters consist of material that the stars formed from. But the Pleiades shines on an independent cloud of gas and dust, drifting through the cluster at about 6.8 miles/second (11 km/s). Planetary Nebulae When astronomers looked at the sky through early telescopes, they found many indistinct, cloudy forms. They called such objects “nebulae,” Latin for clouds. Some of the fuzzy objects resembled planets, and these earned the name “planetary nebulae.” Today these nebulae keep the name, but we know they have nothing to do with planets. Planetary nebulae form during the death of low-mass to medium-mass stars. When such stars die, they expel their outer layers into space. These expanding shells of gas form a huge variety of unique shapes ― rings, hourglasses, rectangles, and more ― that show the complexity of stellar death. Astronomers are still studying how these intricate shapes form at the end of a star’s life. As the star casts off its outer layers, it leaves behind its core, which becomes a white dwarf star. White dwarf stars are objects with the approximate mass of the Sun but the size of Earth, making them one of the densest forms of matter in the universe after black holes and neutron stars. The white dwarf star’s ultraviolet radiation ionizes the gas of the planetary nebula and causes it to glow, just as stars do in emission nebulae. Our Sun is expected to form a planetary nebula at the end of its life. ​ ​ ​ Supernova Remnants Not all stars die gently, exhaling their outer layers into space. Some explode in a supernova, flinging their contents into space at anywhere from 9,000 to 25,000 miles (15,000 to 40,000 kilometers) per second. When a star has a lot of mass ― at least five times that of our Sun ― or is part of a binary system in which a white dwarf star can gravitationally pull mass from a companion star, it can explode with the brightness of 10 billion Suns. Supernova remnants consist of material from the exploded star and any interstellar material it sweeps up in its path. The new debris from the explosion and material ejected by the star earlier in its life collide, heating up in the shock until it glows with x-rays. Supernova remnants’ glow can also be powered by the stellar wind of a pulsar ― a rapidly spinning neutron star created from the core of the exploded star. The pulsar emits electrons that interact with the magnetic field it produces, a process called synchrotron radiation, and emits X-rays, visible light and radio waves. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Absorption Nebulae Absorption nebulae or dark nebulae are clouds of gas and dust that don’t emit or reflect light, but block light coming from behind them. These nebulae tend to contain large amounts of dust, which allows them to absorb visible light from stars or nebulae beyond them. Astronomer William Herschel, discussing these seemingly empty spots in the late 1700s, called them “a hole in the sky.” Included among absorption nebulae are objects like Bok globules, small, cold clouds of gas and dense cosmic dust. Some Bok globules have been found to have warm cores, which would be caused by star formation inside, and further observation has indicated the presence of multiple stars of varying ages, suggesting a slow, ongoing star formation process. The Crab Nebula is an example of a supernova remnant. The explosion that created it in the year 1054 was so bright that for weeks it could be seen even in the daytime sky, and it was recorded by astronomers across the world. The material from the star is still rushing outward at around 3 million mph (4.8 million kph). Hubble's Nebulae Gallery

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O-TYPE STAR VFTS102 We present a spectroscopic analysis of an extremely rapidly rotating late O-type star, VFTS102, observed during a spectroscopic survey of 30 Doradus. VFTS102 has a projected rotational velocity larger than 500 km s−1 and probably as large as 600 km s−1; as such it would appear to be the most rapidly rotating massive star currently identified. Its radial velocity differs by 40 km s−1 from the mean for 30 Doradus, suggesting that it is a runaway. By : P. Dufton et al 1. Introduction ​ In recent years the importance of binarity in the evolution of massive stars has been increasingly recognised. This arises from most OB-type stars residing in multiple systems (Mason et al. 2009) and the significant changes to stellar properties that binarity can cause (see, for example, Podsiadlowski et al. 1992; Langer et al. 2008; Eldridge et al. 2011). Here we present a spectroscopic analysis of a rapidly rotating (veq sin i ∼ 600 km s−1) O-type star in the 30 Doradus region of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Designated VFTS102 (Evans et al. 2011, hereafter Paper I)1, the star is rotating more rapidly than any observed in recent large surveys (M artayan et al. 2006; Hunter et al. 2009) and may also be a runaway. It lies less than one arcminute from the X-ray pulsar, PSR J0537-6910, which is moving away from it. We suggest that VFTS102 might originally have been part of a binary system with the progenitor of the pulsar. ​ 2. Observations ​ Spectroscopy of VFTS102 was obtained as part of the VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey, covering the 3980-5050˚A region at a spectral resolving power of 7000 to 8500. Spectroscopy of the Hα region was also available, although this was not used in the quantitative analysis. Details of the observations and initial data reduction are available in Paper I. The spectra were normalised to selected continuum windows using a sigma-clipping rejection algorithm to exclude cosmic rays. No velocity shifts were observed between different epochs, although simulations (see, Sana et al. 2009) indicate that 30% of short period (less 1Aliases include: ST92 1-32; 2MASS J05373924-6909510 –3– than 10 days) and effectively all longer term binaries would not have been detected. We have therefore assumed VFTS102 to be single and the sigma-clipped merged spectrum displays a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 130 and 60 for the 4000-4500 and 4500-5000˚A regions respectively. An O9: Vnnne spectral classification was obtained by smoothing and rebinning the spectrum to an effective resolving power of 4000 and comparing with standards compiled for the Tarantula Survey (Sana et al. in preparation). The principle uncertainties arise from the extremely large rotational broadening and significant nebular contamination of the He I lines, with the two suffixes indicating extreme line broadening (‘nnn’) and an emission-line s tar (‘e’). ​ 3. Analysis 3.1. Projected rotational velocity ​ The large rotational broadening of the spectral features makes reliable measurements of the projected rotational velocity, veq sin i , difficult. We have used a Fourier Transform (FT) approach as discussed by Sim´on-D´ıaz & Herrero (2007), supplemented by fitting rotational broadened profiles (PF) to the observed spectral features. The Balmer lines have significant nebular emission and hence the weaker helium spectra were utilized, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The He I line at 4471˚A, although well observed, also showed significant nebular emission and was not analysed. By contrast the line at 4026˚A showed no evidence of emission and yielded a plausible minimum in the Fourier Transform for a veq sin i of 560 km s−1. The PF methodology leads to a slightly higher estimate (580 km s−1). The He I lines at 4143 and 4387˚A were observed although they are relatively weak. They and the line at 4026˚A were converted into velocity space, merged and analysed. The two methodologies yielded effectively identical estimates of 640 km s−1; a similar procedure was undertaken for the He II lines at 4200 and 4541˚A yielding 540 km s−1 (FT) and 510 km s−1 (PF). The He II line at 4686˚A was found to be sensitive to the normalisation with a veq sin i of ∼560 km s−1 being estimated. The individual results should be treated with caution but overall they imply that this star is rotating near to its critical velocity, with the mean value for the FT estimates being 580 km s−1. As discussed by Townsend et al. (2004), projected rotational velocities may be underestimated at these large velocities. For a B0 star rotating at 95% of the critical velocity, this underestimation will be approximately 10%. Hence our best estimate for the projected rotational velocity is ∼600 km s−1. A lower limit of 500 km s−1 has been adopted, whilst the upper value will be constrained by the critical velocity of approximately 700 km s−1 from the models of Brott et al. (2011). This estimate is significantly higher than those (! 370 km s−1) found by Martayan et al. (2006) and Hunter et al. (2009) in their LMC B-type stellar samples. It is also larger than any of the preliminary estimates (!450 km s−1) for ∼ 270 B-type stars in the Tarantula survey, although other rapidly rotating O-type stars have been identified. As such it would appear to have the highest projected rotational velocity estimate of any massive star yet analysed. ​ 3.2. Radial velocity ​ Radial velocities were measured by cross-correlating spectral features against a theoretical template spectrum taken from a grid calculated using the code TLUSTY Hubeny (1988) – see Dufton et al. (20 05) for details. Five spectral regions were considered, viz. Hδ and Hγ (with the cores excluded); He I at 4026˚A; 4630-4700˚A with strong multiplets due to C III and O II and an He II line; 4000-4500˚A (with nebular emission being excluded). The measurements are in excellent agreement with a mean value of 228±12 km s−1; if the error distribution is normally distributed the uncertainty in this mean value would be 6 km s−1. From a study of ∼180 presumably single O-type stars in the Tarantula survey Sana et al. (in preparation) find a mean velocity of 271 km s−1 with a standard deviation of 10 km s−1. Preliminary analysis of the B-type stars in the same survey has yielded 270±17 km s−1. VFTS102 lies more than two standard deviations away from these results, implying that it might be a runaway. ​ 3.3. Atmospheric parameters ​ While the equatorial regions of VFTS102 will have a lower gravity than the poles (because of centrifugal forces), and hence a lower temperature (because of von Zeipel gravity darkening), we first characterise the spectrum by comparison with those generated with spatially homogeneous models, convol ved with a simple rotational-broadening function. We have used both our TLUSTY grid and FASTWIND calculations (Puls et al. 2005), adopting an LMC chemical composition. For the former, the strength of the He II spectrum implies an effective temperature (Teff) of ∼32500–35000 K, whilst the wings of the Balmer lines lead to a surface-gravity estimate of ∼3.5 dex (cgs). For the latter after allowing for wind effects, the corresponding parameters are 37000 K and 3.7 dex. The helium spectra are consistent with a solar abundance but with the observational and theoretical uncertainties we cannot rule out an enhancement. Given its projected equatorial rotation velocity, VFTS102 is almost certainly viewed at sin i ∼ 1. Hence the relatively cool, low-gravity equatorial regions will contribute significantly to the spectrum. Although their surface flux is lower than for the brighter poles, the analyses discussed above may underestimate the global effective temperature and gravity. However, the rotating-star models discussed below suggest that the effects are not very large. We therefore adopt global estimates for the effective temperature of 36000 K and 3.6 dex but note that the polar gravity could be as large as 4.0 dex. Varying the global parameters by the error estimates listed in Table 1 leads to significantly poorer matches between observation and the standard models, but, given the caveats discussed above, those errors should still be treated with caution. For near critical rotational velocities, the stellar mass can be estimated. Howarth & Smith (2001) show that the stellar mass can be written in terms of ω/ωc 2, veq and the polar radius. Assuming that sin i ∼ 1 and adopting the critical velocities from our single star models, we can estimate the first two quantities. Additionally for any given value of ω/ωc, the polar radius can be inferred from the absolute visual magnitude and the unreddened (B-V). The former can be estimated from the luminosity (see Sect. 3.4) and the latter from our effective temperature estimate and the LMC broad-band intensities calculated by Howarth (2011). We find M " 20 M# for veq ∼ 600 km s−1 and Teff ! 38000 K. Only by adopting a smaller value for veq can we push the mass limit down, but even with veq ∼ 500 km s−1 the mass must exceed ∼17M#. ​ 3.4. Luminosity ​ From extant photometry (see Paper I), the (B-V) colour of VFTS102 is 0.35, implying an E(B-V) of 0.6 using colours calculated from our TLUSTY grid. Adopting a standard reddening law leads to a lo garithmic luminosity (in solar units) of 5.0 dex, with an E(B-V) error of ±0.1 corresponding to an uncertainty of ±0.1 dex. However there are other possible sources of error, for example deviations from a standard reddening law and hence we have adopted a larger random error estimate of ±0.2 dex. 2The ratio of the equatorial angular velocity to that at which the centrifugal acceleration equals the gravitational acceleration. As VFTS102 is an Oe-type star, its intrinsic colours may be redder than predicted by our TLUSTY grid and indeed an infrared excess is found from published (de-reddened) 2MASS photometry. Inspection of a K-band VISTA image shows no evidence of contamination by nearby sources. Further evidence for circumstellar material is found in the strong Hα emission, which is double peaked as is the nearby He I line at 6678˚A, which supports our adoption of a sin i ∼ 1. Additionally there are weak double-peaked Fe II emission features (e.g. at 4233˚A), consistent with an Oe-type classification. Unfortunately our photometry and spectroscopy are not contemporaneous but if VFTS102 was in a high state when the optical photometry was taken, we may have overestimated the luminosity of the central star (see de Wit et al. 2006, for colour and magnitude variations of Be stars). ​ 4. Past and future evolution ​ Stellar evolution calculations for both single and binary stars are available in the literature (see Maeder & Meynet 2011). For very fast rotation, they suggest that rotational mixing is so efficient that stars may evolve quasi-chemically homogeneously (Maeder 1987; Woosley & Heger 2006; Cantiello et al. 2007 ; de Mink et al. 2009; Brott et al. 2011). However, with different physical assumptions, models do not evolve chemically homogeneously even for the fastest rotation rates (Cantiello et al. 2007; Ekstr¨om et al. 2008). ​ 4.1. Single star evolution ​ Fig. 2 illustrates evolutionary tracks for LMC single stars calculated using the methodology of Brott et al. (2011) for an initial equatorial rotational velocity of 600 km s−1, together with that for a more slowly rotating model. The former are evolving chemically homogeneously whilst the latter follows a ‘normal’ evolutionary path. Ekstr¨om et al. (2008) calculated models for a range of metallicities and masses between 3 and 60 M# but found that the stars followed normal evolutionary paths even for near critical rotational velocities. The estimated parameters of VFTS102 are consistent with our tracks for initial masses of ∼20-30 M#. Our models show a relatively rapid increase in the surface helium abundance due to their homogeneous evolution. For example the 25 M# model shows an enrichment of a factor of two after approximately 4 million years and when the effective temperature has increased to approximately 39000 K. By contrast the models of Ekstr¨om et al. (2008) show no significant helium abundance implying that an accurate helium abundance estimate for VFTS102 would help constrain the physical assumptions. –7– ​ 4.2. Binary star evolution ​ Below, we first discuss the environment of VFTS102 and then consider a possible evolutionary scen a rio. ​ 4.2.1. A pulsar near VFTS102 ​ VFTS102 lies in a complex environment near the open cluster NGC 2060. In particular it lies close to a young X-ray pulsar PSR J0537-6910 (Marshall et al. 1998) and the Crab-like supernova remnant B0538-691 (Micelotta et al. 2009). VFTS102 has an angular separation of approximately 0.8 arcminutes from PSR J0537-6910 implying a spatial separation (in the plane of the sky) of approximately 12 pc. The X-ray emission consists of a pulsed localised component and a more spatially diffuse component, with the latter providing the majority of the energy. The diffuse component was identified in ROSAT and ASCA observations by Wang & Gotthelf (1998a) and interpreted as coming from ram-pressure-confined material with the X-ray pulsar being identified soon afterwards by Marshall et al. (1998). Wang & Gotthelf (1998b) analysed ROSAT HRI observations and suggested that the emission could come from the remnants of a bow shock if the pulsar was moving with a velocity of ∼1000 km s−1. Wang et al. (2001) subsequently analysed higher spatial resolution CHANDRA observations, which clearly delineated this emission and implied that the pulsar was moving away from VFTS102. Fig. 3 superimposes these emission contours onto an HST optical image with VFTS102 being near the tail of these contours. As discussed by Wang et al. (2001) the spatial distribution of the diffuse X-ray emission and the SNR optical emission are well correlated. Differences probably arise from a foreground dark cloud and photoionization and mechanical energy input from the nearby open cluster. Timing measurements imply that the pulsar has a characteristic age of 5000 years (Marshall et al. 1998), consistent with the age estimate of Wang & Gotthelf (1998b) from analysis of X-ray emission. Spyrou & Stergioulas (2002) discuss the estimation of ages from spin rates and find the results to be sensitive to both the breaking index and the composition of the pulsar core. Indeed phase connected braking index measurements for young pulsars (see Zhang et al. 2001, and references therein) yield breaking indices lower than the n=3 normally adopted with corresponding increases in the characteristic ages. Additionally, Chu et al. (1992) found an age of approximately 24000 years from the kinematics of the supernova remnant. Adopting an age of 5000 years would imply that if these objects had been part of a binary system, their relative velocity (vs ) in the plane of the sky would be approximately 2500 km s−1. Increasing this age to 24000 years would then imply vs ∼ 500 km s−1. These values although large are consistent with a pulsar velocity of 1000 km s−1 in the model of Wang & Gotthelf (1998b) and of ∼600 km s−1 from the separation of the diffuse X-ray and radio emission (Wang et al. 2001). Additionally Hobbs et al. (2005) found a mean space velocity of approximately 400 km s−1 for a sample of young pulsars with velocities as high as 1600 km s−1. From the theoretical point of view, Stone (1982) found supernova kick velocities normally in excess of 300 km s−1, while more recently Eldridge et al. (2011) estimated kickvelocities for a single neutron star of more than 1000 km s−1with a mean value of ∼500 km s−1. ​ 4.2.2. A binary evolution scenario for VFTS1 02 ​ While the fast rotation of VFTS102 might be the result of the star formation process, it could also have arisen from spin-up due to mass transfer in a binary system (Packet 1981). A subsequent superno va explosion of the donor star could then lead to an anomalous radial velocity for VFTS102 (Blaauw 1961; Stone 1982). The nearby pulsar and supernova remnant make this an attractive scenario. Of course, we cannot eliminate other possible scenarios, e.g. dynamical ejection from a cluster (see Gvaramadze & Gualandris 2011) but it is unclear whether these could produce the very large rotational velocity of VFTS102. Cantiello et al. (2007) have modelled a binary system with initial masses of 15 and 16 M# adopting SMC metallicity. After mass transfer the primary exploded as a type Ib/c supernova. At that stage the secondary has a mass of approximately 21 M#, a rotational velocity close to critical and a logarithmic luminosity of approximately 4.9 dex (see Fig. 2 for its subsequent evolution). These properties closely match the estimates for VFTS102 summarized in Table 1. Based on grids of detailed binary evolutionary models (Wellstein et al. 2001; de Mink et al. 2007), the initial masses of the two components of such a binary system should be comparable, with M2/M1 " 0.7. If the initial mass of the secondary was in the range of 14-18 M#, that of the primary would need to be smaller than about 25 M#. This agrees with the estimated initial mass of the supernova progenitor based on the kinematics of the supernova remnant (Micelotta et al. 2009). In this scenario, it takes the primary star about 11 Myr to evolve to the supernova stage. While the most massive stars in 30 Doradus have ages of a few million years (Walborn et al. 1999), there is also evidence for different massive stellar populations with ages ranging up to about 10 Myr (Walborn & Blades 1997). Recently, De Marchi et al. (2011) have undertaken an extensive study of lower mass (!4 M#) main sequence and pre-main sequence stars in 30 Doradus. They obtain a median age of 12 Myr with ages of up 30 Myr. Hence it would appear possible that the putative binary system formed in the vicinity of 30 Doradus approximately 10 Myr ago and underwent an evolutionary history similar to that modelled by Cantiello et al. (2007). Proper motion information would be extremely valuable to further test this hypothesis. PSR J0537-6910 has not been definitely identified in other wavelength regions. Mignani et al. (2005) using ACS imaging from the Hubble Space telescope found two plausible identifications that would imply an optical luminosity similar to the Crab-like pulsars. A radio survey by Manchester et al. (2006) only yielded an upper limit to its luminosity consistent with other millisecond pulsars. However estimates for both components may be obtained from the HST proper motion study (Programme: 12499; PI: D.J. Lennon) that is currently underway. ​ 4.3. Evolutionary future ​ Irrespective of the origin of VFTS102, it is interesting to consider its likely fate. Stellar evolutionary models of rapidly rotating stars have recently been generated by Woosley & Heger (2006) and Yoon et al. (2006). The latter consider the fate of objects with rotational velocities up to the critical val ue (vc ). The evolution is shown to depend not only on initial mass and rotational velocity but also on the metallicity. In particular GRBs are predicted to occur only at sub-solar metallicities. Based on our single star models, VFTS102 has a rotational velocity above ∼ 0.8vc and is thus expected to evolve quasi-chemically homogeneously. While Yoon et al. (2006) and Woosley & Heger (2006) estimate the metallicity threshold for GRB formation from chemically homogeneous evolution to be somewhat below the LMC metallicity, the latter note its sensitivity to the mass loss rate (Vink & de Koter 2005). Indeed all our most rapidly rotating 20 − 30 M# models are evolving chemically homogeneously throughout core hydrogen burning (Fig. 2), a prerequisite to qualify for a GRB progenitor. In any case, within the context of homogeneous evolution VFTS102 is expected to form a rapidly rotating black hole, and a Type Ic hypernova. This conjecture remains the same within the binary scenario of Cantiello et al. (2007). Assuming a space velocity of 40 km s−1 for VFTS102 (compatible with its anomalous radial velocity), our evolutionary models imply that VFTS102 will travel ∼300-400 pc before ending its life. This is consistent with the finding of Hammer et al. (2006) that the locations of three nearby GRBs were found several hundred parsecs away from their most likely progenitor birth locations (see, however, Margutti et al. 2007; Wiersema et al. 2007; Han et al. 2010). ​ 5. Conclusions ​ VFTS102 has a projected rotational velocity far higher than those found in previous surveys of massive stars in the LMC, and indeed it would appear to qualify as the most rapidly rotating massive star yet identified. With a luminosity of 105 L# we estimate its current mass to be approximately 25 M#. Its extreme rotation, peculiar radial velocity, proximity to the X-ray pulsar PSR J0537-6910 and to a superno va re mnant suggest that the star is the result of binary interaction. It is proposed that VFTS102 and the pulsar originated in a binary system with mass transfer spinning-up VFTS102 and the supernova explosion imparting radial velocity kicks to both components. If evolving chemically homogeneously, as suggested by recent models, VFTS102 could become a GRB or hypernova at the end of its life. Additionally it may provide a critical test case for chemically homogeneous evolution. SdM acknowledges NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF- 51270.01-A awarded by STScI, operated by AURA for NASA, contract NAS 5-26555. NM acknowledges support from the Bulgarian NSF (DO 02-85). We would like to thank Paul Quinn, Stephen Smartt, Jorick Vink and Nolan Walborn for useful discussions. This paper makes use of spectra obtained as part of the VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey (ESO programme 182.D-0222). Facilities VLT:Kueyen (FLAMES) Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop Zombie Planets Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Solar System Interesting facts and information about object of our solar system. SUN Star at the Center: The Sun is a star located at the center of our solar system. It is an enormous, nearly spherical ball of hot plasma that generates energy through nuclear fusion. Source of Light and Heat: The Sun radiates immense amounts of light and heat, which provide energy for life on Earth and drive weather patterns, ocean currents, and the climate system. Composition and Size: The Sun is primarily composed of hydrogen (about 74% of its mass) and helium (about 24%). It has a diameter of about 1.4 million kilometers (870,000 miles), making it approximately 109 times the diameter of Earth. MERCURY Closest Planet to the Sun: Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun in our solar system. It orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 57.9 million kilometers (35.98 million miles). Small and Rocky: Mercury is the smallest planet in our solar system, with a diameter of about 4,879 kilometers (3,032 miles). It is a rocky planet, similar to Earth's Moon, with a surface covered in craters, cliffs, and plains. Extreme Temperatures: Due to its proximity to the Sun, Mercury experiences extreme temperature variations. The side facing the Sun can reach scorching temperatures of around 430 degrees Celsius (800 degrees Fahrenheit), while the side facing away from the Sun can plummet to freezing temperatures of about -180 degrees Celsius (-290 degrees Fahrenheit). VENUS Earth's "Twin" Planet: Venus is often referred to as Earth's "twin" because it is similar in size and composition. It is the second planet from the Sun and is the closest planet to Earth. Harsh Atmosphere: Venus has a thick and toxic atmosphere composed mainly of carbon dioxide with clouds of sulfuric acid. This dense atmosphere creates a runaway greenhouse effect, making Venus the hottest planet in our solar system, with surface temperatures averaging around 462 degrees Celsius (864 degrees Fahrenheit). Shrouded in Clouds: The atmosphere of Venus is perpetually covered in thick clouds that create a highly reflective layer, making it the brightest planet visible from Earth. These clouds consist mostly of sulfuric acid and contribute to the intense greenhouse effect and the planet's high surface temperatures. EARTH Third Planet from the Sun: Earth is the third planet in our solar system, located between Venus and Mars. Habitable Planet: Earth is the only known planet to support life. It has a diverse biosphere with a wide range of ecosystems and millions of species, including humans. Blue Planet: Earth is often called the "Blue Planet" because about 71% of its surface is covered by oceans, which contain most of the planet's water. Oxygen and Atmosphere: Earth's atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). The presence of oxygen enables the survival of aerobic organisms, including humans. MOON Earth's Natural Satellite: The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It orbits around our planet at an average distance of about 384,400 kilometers (238,900 miles). Lunar Phases: The Moon goes through different phases as seen from Earth, caused by the changing positions of the Moon, Earth, and Sun. These phases include New Moon, First Quarter, Full Moon, and Last Quarter. Lunar Surface: The Moon's surface is covered with craters, mountains, and plains. The darker areas are called maria, which are large, flat plains formed by ancient volcanic activity. The lighter areas are highlands, composed of mountains and impact craters. Synchronous Rotation: The Moon is tidally locked with Earth, meaning it always shows the same face to us. This phenomenon is known as "synchronous rotation" and is a result of the gravitational interaction between Earth and the Moon. MARS The Red Planet: Mars is often called the "Red Planet" due to its reddish appearance, caused by iron oxide (or rust) on its surface. It is the fourth planet from the Sun in our solar system. Similar to Earth: Mars is a terrestrial planet with similarities to Earth. It has a thin atmosphere primarily composed of carbon dioxide, polar ice caps, seasons, and a day length similar to Earth's. Exploration and Potential for Life: Mars has been extensively explored by robotic missions. Scientists are interested in Mars because it might have had conditions suitable for life in the past, and future missions aim to search for signs of past or present life on the planet. CERES Largest Asteroid: Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It is classified as a dwarf planet and is the only one located in the inner solar system. Composition and Size: Ceres is composed mostly of rock and ice, and it has a diameter of about 940 kilometers (590 miles). It accounts for about one-third of the total mass of the asteroid belt. Water Ice and Possible Subsurface Ocean: Observations from spacecraft have revealed that Ceres has significant amounts of water ice on its surface, particularly in its polar regions. There is also evidence to suggest the presence of a subsurface ocean beneath its icy crust. ASTEROID BELT Location: Asteroid belts are regions of space located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The main asteroid belt, the most well-known and studied, is found in this region. Composition: Asteroid belts primarily consist of asteroids, which are rocky and metallic objects. These asteroids can vary in size, ranging from small boulders to large bodies several hundred kilometers in diameter. Origin: Asteroid belts are remnants of the early solar system's formation. They are composed of materials that did not coalesce to form planets due to the gravitational influence of Jupiter's powerful gravity. JUPITER Size and Composition: Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system, with a diameter of about 143,000 kilometers (89,000 miles). It is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, similar to the composition of the Sun, but it lacks the critical mass required to trigger nuclear fusion and become a star. Great Red Spot: Jupiter is well-known for its iconic feature called the Great Red Spot. It is a persistent high-pressure storm system, appearing as a large reddish-colored oval on the planet's surface. The Great Red Spot is a centuries-old storm that is larger than Earth itself. SATURN Rings of Saturn: Saturn's iconic rings are composed of countless icy particles ranging in size from micrometers to several meters. These rings are made visible by the sunlight reflecting off the particles, creating a stunning and distinct feature. Cassini Mission: The Cassini spacecraft, launched in 1997, provided a wealth of information about Saturn and its moons. It orbited Saturn for over 13 years and captured breathtaking images of the planet, its rings, and its moons. The mission concluded in 2017 with a controlled descent into Saturn's atmosphere. Hexagonal Storm: Saturn's north pole is home to a unique atmospheric phenomenon known as the hexagonal storm. This massive, persistently swirling storm forms a hexagonal shape and has a central vortex. The exact cause of this peculiar weather pattern is still under investigation. COMETS Composition: Comets are composed of ice, rock, dust, and organic compounds. Their icy nucleus contains a mixture of water, frozen gases (such as carbon dioxide and methane), and various types of solid particles. Orbits: Comets have elongated orbits that can take them far from the Sun, often originating from the Kuiper Belt or the Oort Cloud. When a comet's orbit brings it closer to the Sun, the heat causes the ice to vaporize, creating a glowing coma and distinctive tails. Scientific Significance: Comets are of great scientific importance as they provide a window into the early solar system's formation. By studying comets, scientists can gain insights into the composition and processes that occurred during the formation of planets and other celestial bodies billions of years ago. Space missions have been launched to explore and gather data directly from comets, enhancing our understanding of these fascinating objects. URANUS Unique Tilt: Uranus is known for its extreme axial tilt, as it rotates on its side compared to other planets in the solar system. This tilt is believed to have resulted from a collision with a massive object early in its history, causing its axis to be tilted at an angle of about 98 degrees. Atmosphere: Uranus has a predominantly hydrogen and helium atmosphere, but it also contains traces of methane. This methane gives Uranus its distinctive blue-green color, as it absorbs red light and reflects blue and green light back into space. The atmosphere is characterized by high-speed winds, reaching speeds of up to 900 kilometers per hour (560 miles per hour). Moons and Rings: Uranus has 27 known moons, named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope. The five largest moons are Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon. Uranus also has a system of rings, although they are not as prominent as the rings of Saturn. The rings are relatively dark and composed of ice particles mixed with rocky material. NEPTUNE Position and Distance: Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the Sun in our solar system, located about 4.5 billion kilometers (2.8 billion miles) away from the Sun. It takes approximately 165 Earth years for Neptune to complete one orbit around the Sun. Composition and Atmosphere: Neptune is an ice giant planet composed mainly of hydrogen, helium, and ices such as water, methane, and ammonia. Its atmosphere contains a high proportion of methane, which gives it a striking blue color. The presence of methane absorbs red light and reflects blue light, resulting in its distinct appearance. Moons and Rings: Neptune has a system of rings and a collection of moons. The most notable moon is Triton, which is the seventh-largest moon in the solar system and the only large moon in the solar system to orbit in the opposite direction of its planet's rotation. Neptune has a total of 14 known moons, including Nereid, Proteus, and Larissa KUIPER BELT Location and Size: The Kuiper Belt is a vast region of the solar system located beyond Neptune's orbit, extending from about 30 to 55 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun. It is estimated to be around 20 times wider and 200 times more massive than the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Composition and Objects: The Kuiper Belt is primarily composed of small icy bodies, including dwarf planets, comets, and a multitude of smaller objects known as Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs). The most famous KBO is Pluto, which was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006. The region contains remnants from the early solar system and is believed to provide valuable insights into its formation and evolution. PLUTO Dwarf Planet: Pluto was once considered the ninth planet in our solar system but was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). It is located in the Kuiper Belt, a region beyond Neptune's orbit. Characteristics: Pluto has a rocky core surrounded by a thin atmosphere primarily composed of nitrogen, with traces of methane and carbon monoxide. It has five known moons, the largest of which is Charon, and its surface is covered in frozen nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide. Pluto's orbit is highly elliptical, and it takes about 248 Earth years to complete one orbit around the Sun. Charon and Other Moons: Pluto has five known moons, with Charon being the largest and most well-known. Charon is so large relative to Pluto that they are sometimes considered a "binary system." The other moons of Pluto are Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx. OORT CLOUD Distant Region: The Oort Cloud is a hypothetical, vast, and mostly spherical region that is believed to exist in the outermost reaches of the solar system, far beyond the Kuiper Belt. It is thought to extend from about 2,000 to 200,000 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun. Comet Reservoir: The Oort Cloud is believed to be the source of long-period comets, which are comets with orbital periods greater than 200 years. These comets originate from the Oort Cloud and are occasionally gravitationally perturbed, sending them on highly elliptical orbits that bring them into the inner solar system. Icy Objects: The Oort Cloud is presumed to contain trillions of icy bodies, composed primarily of volatile compounds such as water, methane, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. These objects are remnants from the early formation of the solar system and are thought to be relatively undisturbed since their creation billions of years ago.

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Hit me for more information Today Onward Theory Hit me for more information Chess Square Theory Hit me for more information We Are Our GOD Hit me for more information The Femi Paradox Hit me for more information String Theory Hit me for more information Space Facts The Great Attractor Hit me for more information Age of Water Hit me for more information Gliese 436 B Hit me for more information The oldest planet Hit me for more information GJ 1214B Hit me for more information HD 140283 Hit me for more information Deja Vu effect Hit me for more information Milky way galaxy Hit me for more information Speed of Light Hit me for more information Travel at speed of light Hit me for more information Speed of Light 2 Hit me for more information Time Dilation Hit me for more information Epsilon Eridani Star System Hit me for more information Strange Planets Hit me for more information Space Facts-1 Hit me for more information PSR J1719 1438B Hit me for more information Center of Mass Hit me for more information Center of Mass Hit me for more information What is Time? 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Spitzer Space Telescope Voyager's Golden Record PIONEER 10 Captured New Horizon Probe Relative Rotation of Planets Sat Aug 05 2023 Hubble's Galaxies Gallery Hubble's Nebulae Gallery Voyager-1 & Voyager-2 Parker Solar Probe Scary Space Hubble Captures James Webb Captures Strangest Planets Black Hole Strangest Galaxies