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Hubble's Nebulae Hubble telescope discovered some nebulae here is an image and detail of the nebulae and other information about it. Emission Nebulae Emission nebulae are so named because they emit their own light. This type of nebula forms when the intense radiation of stars within or near the nebula energizes the gas. A star’s ultraviolet radiation floods the gas with so much energy that it strips electrons from the nebula’s hydrogen atoms, a process called ionization. As the energized electrons revert from their higher-energy state to a lower-energy state by recombining with atoms, they emit energy in the form of light, causing the nebula’s gas to glow. A famous example of an emission nebula is the Orion Nebula, a huge, star-forming nebula in the constellation Orion. The Orion Nebula is home to a star cluster defined by four massive stars known as the Trapezium. These stars are only a few hundred thousand years old, about 15-30 times the mass of the Sun, and so hot and bright that they’re responsible for illuminating the entire Orion nebula. But thousands of additional, mostly young stars are embedded in the nebula. The most massive are 50 to 100 times the mass of our Sun. The radiation and solar winds of stars within emission nebulae carve and sculpt the nebula’s gas, creating caverns and pillars but also creating pressures on the gas clouds that can give rise to more starbirth. ​ Reflection Nebulae Reflection nebulae reflect the light from nearby stars. The stars that illuminate them aren’t powerful enough to ionize the nebula’s gas, as with emission nebulae, but their light scatters through the gas and dust causing it to glow ― like a flashlight beam shining on mist in the dark. Because of the way light scatters when it hits the fine dust of the interstellar medium, these reflection nebulae are often bluish in color. A reflection nebula called NGC 1999 lies close to the famous Orion Nebula, about 1,500 light-years from Earth. The nebula is illuminated by a bright, recently formed star called V380 Orionis, and the gas and dust of the nebula is material left over from that star’s formation. A second well-known reflection nebula is illuminated by the Pleiades star cluster. Most nebulae around star clusters consist of material that the stars formed from. But the Pleiades shines on an independent cloud of gas and dust, drifting through the cluster at about 6.8 miles/second (11 km/s). Planetary Nebulae When astronomers looked at the sky through early telescopes, they found many indistinct, cloudy forms. They called such objects “nebulae,” Latin for clouds. Some of the fuzzy objects resembled planets, and these earned the name “planetary nebulae.” Today these nebulae keep the name, but we know they have nothing to do with planets. Planetary nebulae form during the death of low-mass to medium-mass stars. When such stars die, they expel their outer layers into space. These expanding shells of gas form a huge variety of unique shapes ― rings, hourglasses, rectangles, and more ― that show the complexity of stellar death. Astronomers are still studying how these intricate shapes form at the end of a star’s life. As the star casts off its outer layers, it leaves behind its core, which becomes a white dwarf star. White dwarf stars are objects with the approximate mass of the Sun but the size of Earth, making them one of the densest forms of matter in the universe after black holes and neutron stars. The white dwarf star’s ultraviolet radiation ionizes the gas of the planetary nebula and causes it to glow, just as stars do in emission nebulae. Our Sun is expected to form a planetary nebula at the end of its life. Crab Nebula Not all stars die gently, exhaling their outer layers into space. Some explode in a supernova, flinging their contents into space at anywhere from 9,000 to 25,000 miles (15,000 to 40,000 kilometers) per second. When a star has a lot of mass ― at least five times that of our Sun ― or is part of a binary system in which a white dwarf star can gravitationally pull mass from a companion star, it can explode with the brightness of 10 billion Suns. Supernova remnants consist of material from the exploded star and any interstellar material it sweeps up in its path. The new debris from the explosion and material ejected by the star earlier in its life collide, heating up in the shock until it glows with x-rays. Supernova remnants’ glow can also be powered by the stellar wind of a pulsar ― a rapidly spinning neutron star created from the core of the exploded star. The pulsar emits electrons that interact with the magnetic field it produces, a process called synchrotron radiation, and emits X-rays, visible light and radio waves. The Crab Nebula is an example of a supernova remnant. The explosion that created it in the year 1054 was so bright that for weeks it could be seen even in the daytime sky, and it was recorded by astronomers across the world. The material from the star is still rushing outward at around 3 million mph (4.8 million kph). Absorption Nebulae Absorption nebulae or dark nebulae are clouds of gas and dust that don’t emit or reflect light, but block light coming from behind them. These nebulae tend to contain large amounts of dust, which allows them to absorb visible light from stars or nebulae beyond them. Astronomer William Herschel, discussing these seemingly empty spots in the late 1700s, called them “a hole in the sky.” Included among absorption nebulae are objects like Bok globules, small, cold clouds of gas and dense cosmic dust. Some Bok globules have been found to have warm cores, which would be caused by star formation inside, and further observation has indicated the presence of multiple stars of varying ages, suggesting a slow, ongoing star formation process. Hubble's Nebulae Gallery

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Space Discoveries This is your About Page. It's a great opportunity to give a full background on who you are, what you do and what your website has to offer. Double click on the text box to start editing your content and make sure to add all the relevant details you want to share with site visitors. Nasa's Time Line Hubble's Discoveries Presenter please note: Much of the discussion in these slides, and most of the public’s attention, is focused on Hubble’s enormous repertoire of images. View More Hubble's Deep Field The Hubble Space Telescope has made over 1.5 million observations since its launch in 1990, capturing stunning subjects such as the Eagle Nebula and producing data that has been featured in almost 18,000 scientific articles. But no image has revolutionized the way we understand the universe as much as the Hubble Deep Field . View More Hubble's Nebulae Hubble telescope discovered some nebulae here is an image and detail of the nebulae and other information about it. View More Hubble's Star Clusters Billions of trillions of stars illuminate the galaxies of our universe. Each brilliant ball of hydrogen and helium is born within a cloud of gas and dust called a nebula. Deep within these clouds, knots can form, pulling in gas and dust until they become massive enough to collapse under their own gravitational attraction. View More Hubble's Galaxies Our Sun is just one of a vast number of stars within a galaxy called the Milky Way, which in turn is only one of the billions of galaxies in our universe. These massive cosmic neighborhoods, made up of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity, come in a variety of sizes, from dwarf galaxies containing as few as 100 million stars to giant galaxies of more than a trillion stars. View More Hubble's Galaxy Discovery Our Sun is just one of a vast number of stars within a galaxy called the Milky Way, which in turn is only one of the billions of galaxies in our universe. These massive cosmic View More Hubble's Nebula Discovery The space between stars is dotted with twisting towers studded with stars, unblinking eyes, ethereal ribbons, and floating bubbles. These fantastical shapes, some of the universe’s most visually stunning constructions, are nebulae, clouds of gas and dust that can be the birthplace of stars, the scene of their demise ― and sometimes both. View More Hubble's Planetary Discoveries Hubble, however, has made some unique contributions to the planet hunt. Astronomers used Hubble to make the first measurements of the atmospheric composition of extrasolar planets. Hubble observations have identified atmospheres that contain sodium, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor. View More Kepler's Exoplanets NASA's Kepler spacecraft was launched to search for Earth-like planets orbiting other stars. It discovered more than 2,600 of these "exoplanets"—including many that are promising places for life to exist. View More Space discovery of year 2019 Top 9 Discoveries of year 2019, visit page by clicking view more button. View More Space discoveries of year 2021 Top 9 Discoveries of year 2021, visit page by clicking view more button. View More

2021 Space Discoveries Amateur astronomer discovers a new moon around Jupiter ​ ​ A previously-unknown moon has been detected around the largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter is a giant, so it gravitationally attracts many objects into its vicinity. Earth has one major moon, Mars has two: but Jupiter boasts at least 79 moons, and there may be dozens or hundreds more of them that astronomers have yet to identify. The latest discovery was made by amateur astronomer Kai Ly, who found evidence of this Jovian moon in a data set from 2003 that had been collected by researchers using the 3.6-meter Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) on Mauna Kea. Ly they confirmed the moon was likely bound to Jupiter's gravity using data from another telescope called Subaru. The new moon, called EJc0061, belongs to the Carme group of Jovian moons. They orbit in the opposite direction of Jupiter's rotation at an extreme tilt relative to Jupiter's orbital plane. NASA will return to Venus this decade Mars is a popular target for space agencies, but Earth's other neighbor has been garnering more attention recently. In 2020, researchers announced that they had detected traces of phosphine in Venus' atmosphere. It is a possible biosignature gas, and the news certainly reawakened interest in the planet. In early June 2021, NASA announced it will launch two missions to Venus by 2030. One mission, called DAVINCI+ (short for Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging, Plus) will descend through the planet's atmosphere to learn about how it has changed over time. The other mission, VERITAS (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) will attempt to map the planet's terrain from orbit like never before. Venus has been visited by robotic probes, but NASA has not launched a dedicated mission to the planet since 1989. The interest in Martian exploration may be one reason why Venus has been neglected in recent decades, but the second planet from the sun is also a challenging place to study. Although it may have once been a balmy world with oceans and rivers, a runaway greenhouse effect took hold of Venus around 700 million years ago and now the planet's surface is hot enough to melt lead. The sun is reawakening The sun was experiencing a quiet time in its roughly decade-long cycle, but it is now exiting that phase. The sun has had very little activity in recent years, but the star's surface is now erupting in powerful events that spew out charged particles towards Earth. In early November, for instance, a series of solar outbursts triggered a large geomagnetic storm on our planet. This eruption is known as a coronal mass ejection, or CME. It's essentially a billion-ton cloud of solar material with magnetic fields, and when this bubble pops, it blasts a stream of energetic particles out into the solar system. If this material heads in the direction of Earth, it interacts with our planet's own magnetic field and causes disturbances. These can include ethereal displays of auroras near Earth's poles, but can also include satellite disruptions and energy losses. James Webb Space Telescope flies into space A whole new era of space science began on Christmas Day 2021 with the successful launch of the world's next major telescope. NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency are collaborating on the $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), a project more than three decades in the making. Space telescopes take a long time to plan and assemble: The vision for this particular spacecraft began before its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope, had even launched into Earth orbit. Whereas Hubble orbits a few hundred miles from Earth's surface, JWST is heading to an observational perch located about a million miles from our planet. The telescope began its journey towards this spot, called the Earth-sun Lagrange Point 2 (L2), on Dec. 25, 2021 at 7:20 a.m. EST (1220 GMT) when an Ariane 5 rocket launched the precious payload from Europe's Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana. The telescope will help astronomers answer questions about the evolution of the universe and provide a deeper understanding about the objects found in our very own solar system. Event Horizon Telescope takes high-resolution image of black hole jet In July 2021, the novel project behind the world's first photo of a black hole published an image of a powerful jet blasting off from one of these supermassive objects. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a global collaboration of eight observatories that work together to create one Earth-sized telescope. The end result is a resolution that is 16 times sharper and an image that is 10 times more accurate than what was possible before. Scientists used EHT's incredible abilities to observe a powerful jet being ejected by the supermassive black hole at the center of the Centaurus A galaxy, one of the brightest objects in the night sky. The galaxy's black hole is so large that it has the mass of 55 million suns. Scientists spot the closest-known black hole to Earth Just 1,500 light-years from Earth lies the closest-known black hole to Earth, now called "The Unicorn ." Tiny black holes are hard to spot, but scientists managed to find this one when they noticed strange behavior from its companion star, a red giant. Researchers observed its light shifting in intensity, which suggested to them that another object was tugging on the star. This black hole is super-lightweight at just three solar masses. Its location in the constellation Monoceros ("the unicorn") and its rarity have inspired this black hole's name. Earth's second 'moon' flies off into space An object dropped into Earth's orbit like a second moon, and this year, it made its final close approach of our planet. It is classified as a "minimoon," or temporary satellite. But it's no stray space rock — the object, known as 2020 SO, is a leftover fragment of a 1960s rocket booster from the American Surveyor moon missions. On Feb. 2, 2021, 2020 SO reached 58% of the way between Earth and the moon, roughly 140,000 miles (220,000 kilometers) from our planet. It was the minimoon's final approach, but not its closest trip to Earth. It achieved its shortest distance to our planet a few months prior, on Dec. 1, 2020. It has since drifted off into space and away from Earth's orbit, never to return. Parker Solar Probe travels through the sun's atmosphere This year, NASA's sun-kissing spacecraft swam within a structure that's only visible during total solar eclipses and was able to measure exactly where the star's "point of no return" is located. The Parker Solar Probe has been zooming through the inner solar system to make close approaches to the sun for the past three years, and it is designed to help scientists learn about what creates the solar wind, a sea of charged particles that flow out of the sun and can affect Earth in many ways. The spacecraft stepped into the sun's outer atmosphere, known as the corona , during its eight solar flyby. The April 28 maneuver supplied the data that confirmed the exact location of the Alfvén critical surface: the point where the solar wind flows away from the sun, never to return. The probe managed to get as low as 15 solar radii, or 8.1 million miles (13 million km) from the sun's surface. It was there that it passed through a huge structure called a pseudostreamer, which can be seen from Earth when the moon blocks the light from the sun's disk during a solar eclipse . In a statement about the discovery, NASA officials described that part of the trip as "flying into the eye of a storm." Perseverance begins studying rocks on Mars Last but not least, this year marked the arrival of NASA's Perseverance rover on Mars. The mission has been working hard to find traces of ancient Martian life since it reached the Red Planet on Feb. 18, 2021. Engineers have equipped Perseverance with powerful cameras to help the mission team decide what rocks are worth investigating. One of Perseverance's most charming findings has been "Harbor Seal Rock ," a curiously-shaped feature that was probably carved out by the Martian wind over many years. Perseverance has also obtained several rock samples this year, which will be collected by the space agency for analysis at some point in the future. Perseverance is taking its observations from the 28-mile-wide (45 kilometers) Jezero Crater, which was home to a river delta and a deep lake billions of years ago.

Chandrayaan-3: India's Next Lunar Odyssey India has made remarkable strides in space exploration over the past few decades, and one of its most ambitious projects is the Chandrayaan series. Following the success of Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is gearing up for the next mission in this lunar exploration series - Chandrayaan-3. This article explores the history, objectives, budget, and significance of Chandrayaan-3. Introduction India has made remarkable strides in space exploration over the past few decades, and one of its most ambitious projects is the Chandrayaan series. Following the success of Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is gearing up for the next mission in this lunar exploration series - Chandrayaan-3. This article explores the history, objectives, budget, and significance of Chandrayaan-3. History of Chandrayan Missions Chandrayaan-1, India's maiden lunar mission, was launched in October 2008. It made significant contributions to lunar science by discovering water molecules on the moon's surface and mapping its topography. Despite a shorter-than-expected mission life, Chandrayaan-1 marked a monumental achievement for ISRO. ​ Chandrayaan-2, launched in July 2019, was India's second lunar exploration mission and aimed to further our understanding of the moon. It included an orbiter, a lander (Vikram), and a rover (Pragyan). While the lander failed to make a soft landing, the orbiter continues to provide valuable data about the moon. ​ Chandrayaan-3: The Next Frontier ​ Chandrayaan-3 is the much-anticipated follow-up mission in India's lunar exploration program. The primary objective of Chandrayaan-3 is to successfully land a rover on the moon's surface, building upon the experience and technology developed during Chandrayaan-2. ​ Key Objectives of Chandrayaan-3: Lunar Surface Exploration: Chandrayaan-3 will carry a rover to explore the moon's surface, collecting valuable data about its geology, mineral composition, and topography. Scientific Research: The rover will conduct scientific experiments to enhance our understanding of the moon's history and evolution, helping unravel mysteries about our closest celestial neighbor. International Collaboration: ISRO plans to collaborate with international space agencies and institutions, facilitating the exchange of knowledge and expertise in lunar science and exploration. Budget and Funding The budget for Chandrayaan-3 is estimated to be around $200 million, making it a cost-effective lunar mission compared to many other international counterparts. ISRO has a track record of delivering successful missions within budget constraints, showcasing its efficient use of resources. ​ Challenges and Preparations Landing on the moon is no small feat, and ISRO is well aware of the challenges that lie ahead. Learning from the lessons of Chandrayaan-2, ISRO has undertaken extensive preparations, including rigorous testing and simulation exercises, to ensure the successful soft landing of the rover. ​ The recent advancements in technology and lessons learned from previous missions are expected to enhance the chances of success for Chandrayaan-3. ISRO's commitment to perfection and determination to push the boundaries of space exploration remain unwavering. ​ Significance of Chandrayaan-3 Chandrayaan-3 holds immense significance for India and the global scientific community: Advancing Lunar Exploration: Successful implementation of Chandrayaan-3 will demonstrate India's capabilities in lunar exploration, strengthening its position in the global space community. Scientific Discoveries: The data collected by the rover will contribute to a deeper understanding of the moon's geological history and may provide insights into the broader processes of planetary evolution. International Collaboration: Collaborative efforts with other space agencies foster knowledge exchange, making Chandrayaan-3 a collaborative effort for the betterment of scientific understanding. Conclusion Chandrayaan-3 represents another significant step in India's journey of space exploration, building upon the successes and experiences of previous missions. With its budget-conscious approach, ISRO aims to prove once again that cutting-edge science and technology can be achieved efficiently. As we eagerly await the launch of Chandrayaan-3, the world looks forward to the scientific discoveries and advancements that it will undoubtedly bring to the field of lunar exploration. Chat Section If you have any question ask me here.... Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Zombie Planets Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

The Dream Mission My greatest experience of dream Mars mission. Overview People must have had many dreams and those dreams would be very unique, but my dream is very unique. Today I will share with you this dream journey full of very interesting and adventures. In this dream of mine, I have done the complete mission of Mars and there are many twists in that too, which I will tell you further in this article. The article is The Dream Mission Dream Mars Mission ​​It was night time, I was tossing and turning on the bed trying to sleep, I was not able to sleep because of fever, I went to 9, I fell asleep with great difficulty, but at 2:30 suddenly I woke up because I Weird dreams of mars were coming, sometimes take off, sometimes horrible dreams of crash on mars, and one side had fever, sleep was gone, I was having dreams even while awake, I mean call it a dream or what it was, I don't know. No, but that picture was running in my mind, just such strange things were visible in front of my eyes, I was trying to sleep, but I was not able to sleep. I felt as if all this was happening in reality, dreams come during sleep but I was having dreams even with my eyes open, this experience was the most unique and a little difficult in my life. I cannot describe that moment clearly, but in a few moments, all those things were coming before my eyes, sometimes the scenes of my plane crashing and getting lost in space were coming to the fore, along with me there were other scenes of mine. There were astronauts who came with me in this mission, there was also a scene in which our return vehicle from Mars breaks down and we are fixing it, there was also a scene in which I am in space and I hear the voices of my companions. I heard that people are calling my name, I am not reacting, there is darkness in front of my eyes, my eyes are half open and closed, it seems as if I am going to faint in some time, even my space suit will not take me much longer. I won't be able to save myself, I am just wandering in this lonely and quiet space. The next moment my crew is in front of me. This experience was very exciting and memorable, I am sitting in our space craft, we probably Have forgotten the direction, coordinates are in my ears and only computer screens are visible in front of me, there are many difficulties coming in this journey and we are struggling with them, I was not able to see this scene clearly but in some time it It was appearing in front of my eyes, I am out of control, I am not able to move, what to do, the path is not swelling, the bass is moving round and round and I don't know in any direction, I am not in control, there is chaos all around, NASA is helping us, we are trying to control it somehow, some noises are coming all around and it seems as if we are about to crash, some society is not coming, there are all the screens in the evening which have all the information. And controls too, and only then we lose everything and crash, when we open our eyes, everything is scattered, some have holes in their suits, some are badly hurt, all these things are happening while the eyes are in it. Then it opens, now it was around 4 o'clock, these strange dreams were happening again and again, on top of that, I was running fever, my condition was bad, sometimes I used to sit and sometimes I tried to sleep, the dreams were not allowing me to sleep, and so on. While all this is happening, I catch my eye, yes a lot more happened in between but I will tell you about it later, when I woke up, it was already morning, there was a different freshness in this morning but I was completely tired, quite a unique experience which It happened that the government spends crores of rupees to reach Mars but I enjoyed the journey to Mars by eating only 2-3 sweets. This whole article is based on a real dream experience. Its second part will also come soon. Chat Section..... Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts Zombie Planets Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Kepler's Exoplanets

Hubble's Planetary Discoveries This is your About Page. It's a great opportunity to give a full background on who you are, what you do and what your website has to offer. Double click on the text box to start editing your content and make sure to add all the relevant details you want to share with site visitors. Watching the weather patterns on the giant outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) has been an ongoing activity throughout Hubble’s lifetime. Jupiter's monster storm, the Great Red Spot, was once so large that three Earths would fit inside it. But new measurements by Hubble reveal that the largest storm in our solar system has downsized significantly. The Red Spot, which has been raging for at least a hundred years, is now only the width of one Earth. The storm images were taken in 1995, 2009, and 2014. The images were taken with Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (1995) and Wide Field Camera 3. The large Wide Field Camera 2 image of Jupiter was obtained in 2007, with its moon, Ganymede, just emerging from behind the planet. The semi-major axis of Jupiter's orbit about the Sun is 5.2 astronomical units (483 million miles or 778 million km). The planet has a diameter of roughly 88,789 miles (142,984 km) at the equator. This image of Europa is derived from a global surface map generated from combined NASA Voyager and Galileo space probe observations. The graphic shows the location of water vapor detected over Europa's south pole by Hubble in December 2012. The Hubble observations provide the best evidence to date of water plumes erupting off Europa's surface. Hubble didn't photograph plumes, so the plume and the illustration in the center are artist’s conceptions. However, Hubble observers used the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph to spectroscopically detect auroral emissions from oxygen and hydrogen. The aurora is powered by Jupiter's magnetic field. This is only the second moon in the solar system found ejecting water vapor from the frigid surface. Another of Jupiter’s moons, Ganymede, is also likely to have a subsurface ocean. Europa is the sixth closest Jovian moon. It is the smallest of the four Jovian satellites discovered by Galileo Galilei, but still the sixth largest moon in the Solar System. Europa was discovered by Galileo in 1610. Images taken in ultraviolet light by Hubble’s Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) show both Jupiter auroras in 1998, the oval-shaped objects in the inset photos. Ground-based telescopes cannot view these phenomena in ultraviolet light, as it is blocked by the Earth’s atmosphere. Auroras are curtains of light resulting from high-energy electrons racing along the planet's magnetic field into the upper atmosphere. The electrons excite atmospheric gases, causing them to glow. The electric-blue image of Jupiter’s northern aurora shows the main oval of the aurora, which is centered on the magnetic north pole, plus more diffuse emissions inside the polar cap. Though the aurora resembles the same phenomenon that crowns Earth's polar regions, the blue Hubble image shows unique emissions from the magnetic "footprints" of three of Jupiter's largest moons. (These points are reached by following Jupiter's magnetic field from each satellite down to the planet). Jupiter has at least 68 moons. Auroral footprints can be seen in this image from Io (along the left-hand limb), Ganymede (near the center), and Europa (just below and to the right of Ganymede's auroral footprint). These emissions, produced by electric currents generated by the satellites, flow along Jupiter's magnetic field, bouncing in and out of the upper atmosphere. They are unlike anything seen on Earth. This ultraviolet image of Jupiter was taken with the Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) on November 26, 1998. In this ultraviolet view, the aurora stands out clearly, but Jupiter's cloud structure is masked by haze. Saturn’s aurora was observed with Hubble in 2005. Images were obtained with the Advanced Camera for Surveys in the optical and STIS in the ultraviolet. The aurora appeared in Saturn’s southern polar region for several days. Hubble snapped a series of photographs of the aurora dancing in the sky. The snapshots show that Saturn's auroras differ in character from day to day -- as they do on Earth -- moving around on some days and remaining stationary on others. But compared with Earth, where auroral storms develop in about 10 minutes and may last for a few hours, Saturn's auroral displays always appear bright and may last for several days. Recently, NASA’s New Horizons mission imaged Pluto and two of its moons, Nix and Hydra, which were discovered by Hubble in 2005. Peering out to the dim, outer reaches of our solar system beyond Pluto, Hubble uncovered three Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) that the agency's New Horizons spacecraft could potentially visit after it flies by Pluto in July 2015. The KBOs were detected through a dedicated Hubble observing program by a New Horizons search team that was awarded telescope time for this purpose. The lower set of Pluto images shows Hubble Space Telescope data from the Advanced Camera for Surveys exhibiting an icy, mottled, dark molasses-colored world undergoing seasonal surface color and brightness changes. Pluto has become significantly redder, while its illuminated northern hemisphere is getting brighter. These changes are most likely consequences of surface ice melting on the sunlit pole and then refreezing on the other pole, as the dwarf planet heads into the next phase of its 248-year-long seasonal cycle. Analysis shows the dramatic change in color took place from 2000 to 2002. Note that Hubble found four of Pluto’s five moons – Nix, Hydra, Styx and Kerberos. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2014/47/full/ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/solar-system/pluto/2010/06/ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/solar-system/pluto/2012/32/ and related links http://www.nasa.gov/nh_new-horizons-spots-small-moons-orbiting-pluto/#.VPnlP2TF_b4 http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/ ​ Other outer solar system objects: Eris is 1.27 times the mass of Pluto, and formerly the largest member of the Kuiper Belt of icy objects beyond Neptune. Hubble observations in 2006 showed that Eris is slightly physically larger than Pluto. But the mass could only be calculated by observing the orbital motion of the moon Dysnomia around Eris. Multiple images of Dysnomia's movement along its orbit were taken by Hubble and Keck. ​ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/solar%20system/2007/24/image/c/format/web/ Also in 2002, Hubble measured a large object discovered in the outer solar system. It was the largest outer solar system object discovered since Pluto and was superseded by the observation of Eris. Approximately half the size of Pluto, the icy world is called "Quaoar" (pronounced kwa-whar). Quaoar is about 4 billion miles away, more than a billion miles farther than Pluto. Like Pluto, Quaoar dwells in the Kuiper belt, an icy belt of comet-like bodies extending 7 billion miles beyond Neptune's orbit. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2002/17/ The upper image, taken by Hubble, reveals the orbital motion of the planet Fomalhaut b. Based on these observations, astronomers calculated that the planet is in a 2,000-year-long, highly elliptical orbit around its parent star, Fomalhaut. The planet will appear to cross a vast belt of debris around the star roughly 20 years from now. If the planet's orbit lies in the same plane with the belt, icy and rocky debris in the belt could crash into the planet's atmosphere. The black circle at the center of the image is caused by a device called a coronograph, which blocks out the otherwise overwhelming light from the bright star and allows reflected light from the belt and planet to be photographed. The Hubble images were taken with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph in 2010 and 2012. Fomalhaut is 25 light years (8 parsecs) away. ​ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2013/01/ The lower graphic demonstrates Hubble’s first detection ever of an organic molecule in the atmosphere of a Jupiter-sized planet orbiting another star. This breakthrough is an important step toward eventually identifying signs of life on a planet outside our solar system. The molecule found by Hubble is methane, which under the right circumstances can play a key role in prebiotic chemistry — the chemical reactions considered necessary to form life as we know it. The graphic shows a spectrum of methane with the configuration of the star and the planet (not to scale) in relation to Hubble. The object is 63 light years (19 parsecs) away. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2008/11/

Research Projects Space research and latest discoveries Star Formation This is your Project description. Whether your work is based on text, images, videos or a different medium, providing a brief summary will help visitors understand the context and background. Then use the media section to showcase your project. Nebula Observation This is your Project description. Whether your work is based on text, images, videos or a different medium, providing a brief summary will help visitors understand the context and background. Then use the media section to showcase your project. Solar Flare Detection This is your Project description. Whether your work is based on text, images, videos or a different medium, providing a brief summary will help visitors understand the context and background. Then use the media section to showcase your project. The Big Bang Effect The early theory of origin of origin of universe is The Big Bang Theory. which consist a nebular exploidation of two nebulas. this theory is a strongest theory of the origin of universe. when big bang cause dark mater and all galaxies are origin. all things of our universe is cause in this time. scientist strongly work on this theory. Existence of Alien civilization Our Milky Way galaxy is around 4 billion years old, but our universe is around 13 billion years old, so if we have high technology like space craft and rocket etc, so just imagine that how other galaxy's civilization is powerful and high-tech. so point is in whole universe there is many planets like earth is good for life and maybe life is exist in this planets, so if alien exist they have more power and technology, and maybe possible they planning to attack on earth. we must be alert and full-fill to fight with aliens. Antient Literature & Geography In Hinduism they called Brahma, Vishnu, Mahesh is never born or die, let's except. They say that lord brahma created universe, let's except this also. My point is if lord brahma creates everything so which mater form is lord brahma, and if lord brahma creates atom or nano atom in nothing so where is lord brahma in nothing in which form of mater. Something came from nothing so where is lord and how it's possible. We are living in matrix yes, we are living in matrix! shocking but true many scientist proves that we are in matrix why let me explain, what we see with help of our eyes is compatible to our eyes but we can not able to see alfa red rays or electro magnetic waves but in changes of camera lance and settings we clearly see a chipset in our sky which prove that this world is matrix, detail proven photos is given in portfolio section just visit it. Net mass of our universe 500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 this number is a total mass of our universe but net mass of our universe is zero!, yes because we have already learned that we cannot create or destroy mass so when mass cannot be created so where mass came from, let me explain what is in vacuum, vacuum is one since matter and anti-matter are formed by fluctuations, the opposite of what we see also exists here, so our universe has a net mass of zero. Nearest Star System Certainly, here is a list of the 100 nearest star systems to our solar system, along with brief explanations for each: Visit More KEPLER-452b Kepler-452b, often referred to as "Earth's cousin," is an exoplanet that was discovered by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope. It was announced as a significant discovery in July 2015. Here's a detailed explanation of Kepler-452b, including information about its characteristics, atmosphere, and the potential for extraterrestrial life Visit More KEPLER-186f Kepler-186f is an Earth-sized exoplanet located 500 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus. It orbits a red dwarf star, Kepler-186, within its habitable zone, where conditions might allow liquid water to exist. This discovery sparked interest in the search for potentially habitable exoplanets and raised questions about the possibility of extraterrestrial life beyond our solar system. However, limited data about its atmosphere and surface make it challenging to assess its true habitability. Visit More Proxima Centauri b Proxima Centauri b is an exoplanet that orbits the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, which is the closest known star to our Sun. Here's a detailed explanation of Proxima Centauri b, including information about its characteristics, atmosphere, and the search for extraterrestrial life or aliens Visit More TRAPPIST-1 TRAPPIST-1 is a star system located about 39 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Aquarius. It gained significant attention and interest in the scientific community and the public due to the discovery of seven Earth-sized exoplanets orbiting the ultra-cool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1. Here's a detailed explanation of the TRAPPIST-1 system, including information about its characteristics, the potential for atmosphere, and the search for extraterrestrial life or aliens Visit More LHS 1140b LHS 1140b is an exoplanet that orbits the red dwarf star LHS 1140, which is located in the constellation Cetus, approximately 41 light-years away from Earth. Discovered in 2017, LHS 1140b has garnered significant attention in the field of exoplanet research due to its potential for habitability and its relatively close proximity to our solar system. Here's a detailed explanation of LHS 1140b, including information about its characteristics, atmosphere, and the potential for extraterrestrial life Visit More Age of our Universe COMING SOON......... Visit More Worm Hole COMING SOON......... Visit More Religious Point of View COMING SOON......... Visit More Existence of Multiverse what is multiverse? , Does it exist in real?, and if yes then how, I will also show its proof and an experiment. In this article, you will know the secret of the multiverse and all the facts related to it and will also know whether it exists or not. Visit More

Black Hole A black hole is an extremely dense region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape its grasp. It forms when a massive star collapses, creating a point called a singularity surrounded by an event horizon, beyond which nothing can return. Black holes come in various sizes, including stellar-mass and supermassive black holes. What is Black Hole and how Black Hole forms? Today we will talk about black holes, first let us know how black holes are formed, to keep a star in balance, its gravitational force pushes it inwards and the nuclear fusion taking place in its center pushes it outwards. And with the help of these two pushing forces, the star remains under control. But when the helium gas inside the star starts getting exhausted then the nuclear energy of the star gradually gets exhausted, then gradually the star becomes a red giant, at this time the fusion happening on the star which prevents the gravity from pushing it inside. The force is no longer there and due to gravity the star seems to shrink in on itself and a time comes when the center of the star cannot handle so much gas and a big explosion occurs which we call a supernova, and at the end of the supernova A black hole is formed in A black hole has so much mass that even light gets trapped in front of its gravity and it also absorbs light into itself. Black hole is the center of an infinite mass around which there is a ring like event horizon. Original image of Black hole in i.c.1, explanation of black hole formation i.c.2 i.c.1 Black Hole event horizon. i.c.1 Black Hole formation. Time travel using Black Hole? I hope you have understood what a black hole is and how it is formed. There are many more questions about black holes for which we do not have answers, what is inside a black hole?, where do things go inside a black hole?, does it have an alternative white hole?, do all these things come out of the white hole? Does it come?, Can a black hole take us to our past or make us travel through time? We have not been able to find the answer to this mystery. Suppose we have detected a black hole, yet the nearest black hole is also 1560 light years away from us! If we travel at the speed of light, it will be approximately 1560 years and we can travel in space at the speed of light. Couldn't even find any solution. So as of today it is not possible to reach a black hole. But what's the point in believing, so let's take time and even if we reach the black hole, there will be many more difficulties in front of us, which I will tell you later. You all must have seen the movie Interstellar, in which a planet is shown which is very close to the black hole and we all know that the black hole has infinite mass and its space-time curvature is also very high, meaning it is very close to the black hole. Even spending a little time is a lot of years according to Earth, it is shown in this movie that 1 hour spent on Miller's Planet is equal to 7 years on Earth. And we call this effect time dilation. But we have to go inside it, not around it, and if the black hole also pulls the light inside itself, then we will have to travel at a speed faster than the light, there is another twist in this, we will first go to the event horizon of the black hole where all the things It starts rotating around the black hole, if we can survive there then we can reach inside the black hole, but we do not even know what is inside the black hole. So if we cross all these things then we can go inside the black hole. Scientists speculate that a black hole may act like a worm hole, just like the one shown in Interstellar. If you also want such an article like Worm Hole, then subscribe to the website so that you get the notification of that article. Now you can understand how complex the black hole is and we have not been able to solve the entire mystery of the black hole yet. i.c.3 Black hole event horizon. i.c.4 Black hole curvature comparison i.c.5 Black hole time travel. Black Hole images Chat Section...... Other Articles.... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop Parallel World Travel Age of our Universe Zombie Planets

Hubble's Star Clusters Billions of trillions of stars illuminate the galaxies of our universe. Each brilliant ball of hydrogen and helium is born within a cloud of gas and dust called a nebula. Deep within these clouds, knots can form, pulling in gas and dust until they become massive enough to collapse under their own gravitational attraction. Open Clusters Open clusters contain between a few dozen and a few thousand stars, all formed from the same initial cloud of gas and dust. The density of stars is low enough in these clusters that individual stars are visible with a telescope, or sometimes the unaided eye, giving them an “open” appearance. Most open clusters reside in the arms of spiral galaxies, and their stars are usually relatively young. Their shape is more irregular than spherical, with large amounts of gas between the stars. Over time, as these clusters rotate around a galaxy, gravitational disruptions from passing cosmic objects can cause the stars to disperse. The Milky Way is home to more than a thousand of these clusters, and even our Sun may have formed in an open cluster. Globular Clusters Globular clusters are much larger and denser than open clusters, containing several thousand to millions of stars all formed from a shared nebula. Unlike open clusters, the density of stars at their centers is so high that individual stars are hard to discern, even with powerful telescopes. Globular clusters lie on the dusty outskirts of galaxies and their stars are older than those in open clusters. In fact, globular clusters contain some of the oldest known stars in a galaxy. Because old stars tend to have a reddish glow, globular clusters generally appear redder than open clusters. The large number of stars in a relatively small area causes the shape of a globular cluster to appear spherical, as stars’ intense gravitational attraction pulls them together. These gravitational ties grant globular clusters more stability than open clusters, helping them keep their structure instead of breaking up over time. The Milky Way alone has over 150 globular clusters, and our nearest neighboring galaxy Andromeda has over 400. Embedded Clusters ​ Embedded clusters are a precursor to open and globular clusters. As the youngest type of star cluster, they contain newly born and forming stars surrounded by cosmic gas and dust. As with open and globular clusters, all of the stars formed from the same initial nebula. Embedded clusters are likely the basic unit of star formation since a significant fraction of all stars form within them. Once star formation ends, embedded clusters resemble open clusters, but are often disrupted by passing objects due to their weaker gravitational bonds. The embedded phase typically lasts between 2-7 million years. Since embedded clusters are heavily obscured by dust, they are rarely observed in visible wavelengths of light. However, Hubble’s infrared instruments can detect the longer wavelengths of infrared light that aren’t as easily scattered by clouds of gas and dust. Hubble’s unique capabilities are essential for learning more about these young clusters.

Hubble's Galaxies Our Sun is just one of a vast number of stars within a galaxy called the Milky Way, which in turn is only one of the billions of galaxies in our universe. These massive cosmic neighborhoods, made up of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity, come in a variety of sizes, from dwarf galaxies containing as few as 100 million stars to giant galaxies of more than a trillion stars. Spiral Galaxies Spiral galaxies have winding spiral arms that make them look a little like massive pinwheels. These disks of stars, gas, and dust have bright bulges in their centers made up primarily of older and dimmer stars. Their whirled arms are typically full of gas and dust, which helps give rise to the bright, younger stars visible throughout their length. Spiral galaxies are actively forming stars and make up a large amount of all the galaxies in our nearby universe. Spiral galaxies can be further divided into two groups: normal spirals and barred spirals. In barred spirals, a bar of stars runs through the central bulge of the galaxy. The arms of barred spirals usually start at the end of the bar instead of the bulge. Our Milky Way is thought to be a barred spiral galaxy. ​ Elliptical Galaxies Elliptical galaxies are the biggest and most common galaxies in our universe. The shapes of these galaxies range from circular to very elongated. Galaxies are thought to form and grow by collisions and mergers, and elliptical galaxies may be the ultimate result of this process, which explains why they are so abundant. Compared to other types of galaxies, elliptical galaxies have smaller portions of gas and dust, contain older stars, and don’t form many new stars. The largest and rarest of these galaxies – known as giant ellipticals – are about 300,000 light-years across. More commonly spotted are dwarf ellipticals, which in comparison are only a few thousand light-years wide. ​ ​ ​ ​ Irregular Galaxies Irregular galaxies don’t contain much dust, and lack a defined shape. Astronomers often see irregular galaxies as they peer deeply into the universe. These galaxies are abundant in the early universe, in the era before spirals and ellipticals developed. As irregular galaxies collide and merge with other galaxies throughout time, they are thought to develop structure and become the spiral and elliptical galaxies we see in today’s universe. In addition to these three big categories, astronomers have also observed many unusually shaped galaxies that appear to be in a transitory or “in-between” phase of galactic evolution, including galaxies that are colliding or interacting with each other , pulled together by gravity. Hubble's Galaxy Gallery

Creation of Mind Loop What we doing, what we experiencing, what we thinking is a creation of mind, and it's just a thoughts Introduction In this article, I will tell you a mindset that will shock you. After a lot of deep thinking and hard work, I am writing this article. This article is basically about our mind, what is it?, how is it?, what is the impact?, I will tell you all this further in the article, so reading the entire article will be very interesting and mind opening. And if you have not signed up, then do it quickly and subscribe so that you can be the first to get whatever new update comes, keep watching, and stay tuned. Unique Mindset I believe that whatever we are seeing or thinking is the work of our mind, it could just be our desire to think too far or the desire to get fame. And I am not only saying this, behind this also I have some strong point of view, which I will explain to you further. So first of all you clear this that what I want to say and what is my point, I am simply saying that we are making new theories in the universe and all these discoveries etc. are all just a mindset of ours. There is potential and all the theories that have been made are here. Understand that today I have given you a strong statement and someone else has modified and presented the same statement in a better way, this is the theory. I am not saying at all that all this is wrong, just till this article you should believe that all this is the power of our imagination. Like I got an idea today that this should also be there in the universe, then my mind will start thinking more about that thing which is not there, it will start creating itself and will force me to think or to believe that My opinion is absolutely correct. This thing cannot be understood by explaining it further but perhaps if you have had such an experience then you can understand it better. The simple thing is that it could just be an illusion or overthinking of the retard. You have understood all these things, but you will say that this is just your assumption, there is no proof, I will give you that too. You must have heard about the double slit experiment, it also has the same thing. And there is a theory in which scientists are saying that the world around us is just a binary code. When you focus on that thing then it comes into real state and back it becomes virtual, so let me tell you in a similar theory. What I have created may just be my idea or my overthinking and it is also possible that I may get trapped in the loop of my own theory. The name of this theory is - "Multiplicity of Thoughts", I have given a short explanation of it in the theory section, but I felt that this topic can be very interesting, hence I am writing a special article on it. So as you experience all these things, it creates a virtualness. You must decide once to think about any domain, think something or the other that you want to be this saree, if you keep thinking in your mind for 10-20 days, then you will also feel its effect. You must have heard about the Law of Attraction, so it also adds more depth to my theory. Scientist also proved that our soul can also travel in sleeping mode, so my conclusion of this theory comes from all these points. It was only till now and I know that you will have many questions, so you can ask me through personal mail or chat on the website. And make sure to subscribe to the website. Chat Section If you have any question ask me here.... Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Zombie Planets STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

SPACETER Space Science & Exploration Lab We are doing research on space and quantum theory, also on relation of time and gravity. We want to prove all incidents of space and that's why we doing this research. Also we publish our theories on space so keep your support with us and subscribe now. Thank You Members Invite Spaceter Rejoignez-nous sur mobile ! Téléchargez l'appli Spaces by Wix et rejoignez « Spaceter » pour toujours rester informé, où que vous soyez. Envoyer Pays +972 Numéro de téléphone Blogs READ OUR WRITINGS EXOPLANET MISSION BINARY SYSTEM Contact Us Click here to join SPACETER job programs. Visit our blogging page. spaceter.space@gmail.com Subscribe Form Join Thanks for subscribing!

Inflationary Cosmology Theory Concept...... Inflationary cosmology is a theoretical framework in physical cosmology that proposes a rapid exponential expansion of space in the early universe. It was first proposed by physicist Alan Guth in 1980 to address several puzzles in the standard Big Bang cosmology, such as the horizon problem, the flatness problem, and the origin of structure in the universe. ​ The key idea behind inflation is that the universe underwent a brief period of extremely rapid expansion, driven by a hypothetical scalar field called the inflaton. During this inflationary epoch, the universe expanded exponentially, stretching quantum fluctuations to macroscopic scales and smoothing out the curvature and density of space. This expansion also effectively "ironed out" any irregularities in the early universe, explaining the uniformity of the cosmic microwave background radiation observed today. ​ Inflationary cosmology has been supported by a variety of observational data, including measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation by satellites like the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and the Planck satellite. These measurements have provided strong evidence for the predictions of inflation, such as the nearly scale-invariant spectrum of primordial density fluctuations. ​ Despite its success in addressing many cosmological puzzles, inflationary cosmology is still a subject of active research and debate. There are various models of inflation, each with its own predictions and implications for the universe's early history. Additionally, there are ongoing efforts to test inflationary predictions through observations of the cosmic microwave background, gravitational waves, and large-scale structure in the universe. ​ Some challenges and open questions remain within the framework of inflationary cosmology, including the initial conditions problem (i.e., explaining how inflation started and why the inflaton field had the necessary properties), the reheating mechanism (i.e., how the energy stored in the inflaton field was converted into ordinary matter and radiation), and the so-called "multiverse" implications (i.e., the idea that inflation can lead to the creation of multiple universes with different properties). ​ Overall, inflationary cosmology has had a profound impact on our understanding of the early universe and continues to shape theoretical research in cosmology and particle physics. Chat Section Other Articles...... Theories Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop Today Onward Theory Parallel World Travel We are our GOD STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-452b Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Multiness of Thoughts What we doing, what we experiencing, what we thinking is a multiness of thoughts Multiness of Thoughts What we are experiencing right now, whether we have a dream or a thought represents our future, it means that what we think will happen to us, so always keep positive thinking. You may have seen the movie Interstellar where a man controls the fourth diamentio from the future and how our present is connected to our past, this basic concept is what I call the concept of Multiness of Thoughts. this concept is also connected with quantum theories, because this theory also say that all thigs which we see is create with our thoughts and after we see it's die immediately. An idea that forces us to think, what you are thinking now or what is happening to you is dependent on your footing, but how? What if you go ahead and get a good job, but you don't study? So you may not have sat on that achievement. Just like in the interstellar movie, your future is writing the present to you, the result of what you are doing now will be found in the future, so it is you who controls you from the future in the present. And against this, even if you connect the concept to the deje wan effect, you will get today's result, if future is actual then present, not actually, but yes it can be said that future is as equivalent as our present thoughts or our present situation right. And this universe is also a part of our concept, science su? Science is a medium to show our thoughts and our ability, so what is not like science? Not actually but science is a loop made up of our thoughts and just a thought? Is there a medium we use to present our skills? And all this is a multiplicity of ideas. It is human nature that if you think about something, then you walk in the light of that thing and your thoughts start to create that thing. So everything is just an illusion. We are a part of this universe, so whatever theories we have are the thoughts of our mind which we want to make true by any means. You must have experienced that sometimes when you go into deep thoughts, that thought seems true to you in real life too and this also happens with our dreams, then everything is fine, it is just an illusion of our thoughts and brain. This theory is the theory of multiness of thoughts. Other Articles...... Dark Energy Zombie Planets The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

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Jain geography ​All about Jainism and Jain Cosmology. Introduction The universe for Jains is an elaborate system. Jain cosmology is very distinctive, although it shares some features with other Indian religious traditions. It is centred on the everlasting and non-originating nature of the universe, and thus excludes the notion of a creator-god. As written by a leading monastic figure from the 12th century, ‘the universe having the shape of a man standing with arms akimbo, with feet apart, filled with substances continuously being created, preserved and destroyed, has never been produced by anyone and is not sustained by anyone either. It exists by itself, without any support’.[1] Although Jains do not worship a creator-god, deities do exist, as mediators between the perfected souls of the Jinas and the imperfect world of human experience, and are a part of the Jain cosmology. Structure of the Jain Universe The Jains distinguish two types of space. The first is the world space (loka-ākāśa), which is a vast but limited area where all souls live in the different body-forms they take according to their rebirths in the various worlds. The second is the non-world space (aloka-ākāśa), which is endless. The Jain universe is perfectly structured and ordered. One of its governing principles is symmetry and repetition, so that ‘to know one part is to know the whole’. It can be viewed as ‘a self-replicating composite’ with, for example, a northern region the exact replica of its southern counterpart, halves being identical, etc. The Jain universe is thought of in terms of dimensions and quantities of units. Jain thinkers have produced a vast vocabulary to describe and understand units of time and space, going from the smallest to the largest, beyond what can be imagined. The smallest unit is the atom. Infinite combinations of atoms make up the smallest unit of measurement. At the other extreme, Jains have devised a refined analysis of extremely large numbers, considering the numerable, the innumerable and the infinite. Jain cosmology gives an important place to mathematical concepts and calculations, so that mathematical treatises written by the Jains may take their illustrative examples from cosmological contexts. Śvetāmbaras and Digambaras agree on the structure of the universe and its elements but differ on many names and numbers. ​ Grasping Jain cosmology is vital to understanding the Jain religion. The soul is an innately pure substance. But, due to embodiment and activity, good or bad, it accumulates karma, which in the Jain understanding means physical matter. This alters the purity of the soul and generates cycles of rebirths within the universe until this finally ends. Rebirth can take one of the following four forms of destiny (gati): 1. as a human (manuṣya); 2. as an inhabitant of the hells (naraka); 3. as a deity (deva); or 4. as an animal or plant (tiryag). Spiritual progression requires an understanding of these cosmological theories. Contemplating the universe is also included within the system of reflection-topics (anuprekṣā). Jambudweep This topic can not be logically or physically proven. It can only be understood on the base of Aagam Vani. You may not be able to beleive it if you think it from modern view as it exists right now. This has to be taken on faith to understand and the main foundation of its understanding is Kevalgyan. Two vertical lines are Tras Nadi where Tras Jeev live. This is in the middle with 13 Raju height. Not covering 1 Raju at the top. Every structure we understand or is described is contained within Tras Nadi. Everything outside is only 1 sensory Jeev called Sthavar Jeev. ​ Middle part is Madhya Lok. Middle Earth. 5 Meru parvat in the middle. Sudarshan Meru/Sumeru is the basis of differentiation of 3 Lok. Madhyalok height is defined by Sumeru Parvat. Below it is Adholok. Above it is Urdhvalok. Physical Dimensions: Bottom – 7 Raju Middle – 1 Raju Up Middle – 5 Raju Top – 1 Raju Depth – 7 Raju Height – 14 Raju Volume 343 Raju^3 Scale: Raju/Rajju is a measurement unit. 1 Raju = Infinite Yojan 1 Yojan = 2000 Kos 1 Kos = 2 Miles 1 Mile = 1.64 Km Strange Facts In front of Jain Geography, the principles and discoveries of our science and space become false, because in Jain Geography, the house is considered as a divine plane, whatever nature the house has, that plane will also be of that type, and in the same way in Jain Geography The sun is considered as the plane of heat and the moon as the plane of coolness and an interesting fact about it is that in Jain geography there are two suns and two moons. According to Jainism, man can never go to the Moon or any other planet! Yes, you are listening right, I know that it sounds very different, but it is not a matter that these things are only heard somewhere, this principle is also a reality in Puranas and the map you are seeing above is also Jambudweep. It is from Another special thing in this is that in the middle of Jambudweep, there is Mount Meru, at some distance of which all the things of this universe are present, and according to this, we humans can never reach this sacred plane and all the other things, there is also a solid proof of this. There is a reason which I will tell you later. Yes, I know you will definitely be shocked to hear all this, but it is true and there is also one thing that Jain geography is very different and unique from our modern space science, but I will tell you further in the rest of the information. Who created our Universe according to Jainism No, as per Jainism Universe is eternal. It's neither created nor shall it ever collapse. ​ Now to the question, i.e. what led to the creation (read structure) of the universe ? ​ To keep things simple, we will just concentrate on the middle world where we humans live as it will help us better understand the structure and operations of the universe on the foundations of our current knowledge on the subject. What is outside of the Universe Well, that would define how you describe the universe as. ​ As per Jainism, the universe consists of broadly two regions viz Lokakash and Alokakash 1st region Lokakash is the region that consists of all things made of a material that exhibits the property of Fusion (Pud) and Fission (Gal) which we call matter today. Its this region of the universe that hosts our planet and all other alien habitable planets that support intelligent lifeforms, along with higher and lower planes where demigods and hellish beings reside. Chat Section.....

Solar System Interesting facts and information about object of our solar system. SUN Star at the Center: The Sun is a star located at the center of our solar system. It is an enormous, nearly spherical ball of hot plasma that generates energy through nuclear fusion. Source of Light and Heat: The Sun radiates immense amounts of light and heat, which provide energy for life on Earth and drive weather patterns, ocean currents, and the climate system. Composition and Size: The Sun is primarily composed of hydrogen (about 74% of its mass) and helium (about 24%). It has a diameter of about 1.4 million kilometers (870,000 miles), making it approximately 109 times the diameter of Earth. MERCURY Closest Planet to the Sun: Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun in our solar system. It orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 57.9 million kilometers (35.98 million miles). Small and Rocky: Mercury is the smallest planet in our solar system, with a diameter of about 4,879 kilometers (3,032 miles). It is a rocky planet, similar to Earth's Moon, with a surface covered in craters, cliffs, and plains. Extreme Temperatures: Due to its proximity to the Sun, Mercury experiences extreme temperature variations. The side facing the Sun can reach scorching temperatures of around 430 degrees Celsius (800 degrees Fahrenheit), while the side facing away from the Sun can plummet to freezing temperatures of about -180 degrees Celsius (-290 degrees Fahrenheit). VENUS Earth's "Twin" Planet: Venus is often referred to as Earth's "twin" because it is similar in size and composition. It is the second planet from the Sun and is the closest planet to Earth. Harsh Atmosphere: Venus has a thick and toxic atmosphere composed mainly of carbon dioxide with clouds of sulfuric acid. This dense atmosphere creates a runaway greenhouse effect, making Venus the hottest planet in our solar system, with surface temperatures averaging around 462 degrees Celsius (864 degrees Fahrenheit). Shrouded in Clouds: The atmosphere of Venus is perpetually covered in thick clouds that create a highly reflective layer, making it the brightest planet visible from Earth. These clouds consist mostly of sulfuric acid and contribute to the intense greenhouse effect and the planet's high surface temperatures. EARTH Third Planet from the Sun: Earth is the third planet in our solar system, located between Venus and Mars. Habitable Planet: Earth is the only known planet to support life. It has a diverse biosphere with a wide range of ecosystems and millions of species, including humans. Blue Planet: Earth is often called the "Blue Planet" because about 71% of its surface is covered by oceans, which contain most of the planet's water. Oxygen and Atmosphere: Earth's atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). The presence of oxygen enables the survival of aerobic organisms, including humans. MOON Earth's Natural Satellite: The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It orbits around our planet at an average distance of about 384,400 kilometers (238,900 miles). Lunar Phases: The Moon goes through different phases as seen from Earth, caused by the changing positions of the Moon, Earth, and Sun. These phases include New Moon, First Quarter, Full Moon, and Last Quarter. Lunar Surface: The Moon's surface is covered with craters, mountains, and plains. The darker areas are called maria, which are large, flat plains formed by ancient volcanic activity. The lighter areas are highlands, composed of mountains and impact craters. Synchronous Rotation: The Moon is tidally locked with Earth, meaning it always shows the same face to us. This phenomenon is known as "synchronous rotation" and is a result of the gravitational interaction between Earth and the Moon. MARS The Red Planet: Mars is often called the "Red Planet" due to its reddish appearance, caused by iron oxide (or rust) on its surface. It is the fourth planet from the Sun in our solar system. Similar to Earth: Mars is a terrestrial planet with similarities to Earth. It has a thin atmosphere primarily composed of carbon dioxide, polar ice caps, seasons, and a day length similar to Earth's. Exploration and Potential for Life: Mars has been extensively explored by robotic missions. Scientists are interested in Mars because it might have had conditions suitable for life in the past, and future missions aim to search for signs of past or present life on the planet. CERES Largest Asteroid: Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It is classified as a dwarf planet and is the only one located in the inner solar system. Composition and Size: Ceres is composed mostly of rock and ice, and it has a diameter of about 940 kilometers (590 miles). It accounts for about one-third of the total mass of the asteroid belt. Water Ice and Possible Subsurface Ocean: Observations from spacecraft have revealed that Ceres has significant amounts of water ice on its surface, particularly in its polar regions. There is also evidence to suggest the presence of a subsurface ocean beneath its icy crust. ASTEROID BELT Location: Asteroid belts are regions of space located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The main asteroid belt, the most well-known and studied, is found in this region. Composition: Asteroid belts primarily consist of asteroids, which are rocky and metallic objects. These asteroids can vary in size, ranging from small boulders to large bodies several hundred kilometers in diameter. Origin: Asteroid belts are remnants of the early solar system's formation. They are composed of materials that did not coalesce to form planets due to the gravitational influence of Jupiter's powerful gravity. JUPITER Size and Composition: Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system, with a diameter of about 143,000 kilometers (89,000 miles). It is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, similar to the composition of the Sun, but it lacks the critical mass required to trigger nuclear fusion and become a star. Great Red Spot: Jupiter is well-known for its iconic feature called the Great Red Spot. It is a persistent high-pressure storm system, appearing as a large reddish-colored oval on the planet's surface. The Great Red Spot is a centuries-old storm that is larger than Earth itself. SATURN Rings of Saturn: Saturn's iconic rings are composed of countless icy particles ranging in size from micrometers to several meters. These rings are made visible by the sunlight reflecting off the particles, creating a stunning and distinct feature. Cassini Mission: The Cassini spacecraft, launched in 1997, provided a wealth of information about Saturn and its moons. It orbited Saturn for over 13 years and captured breathtaking images of the planet, its rings, and its moons. The mission concluded in 2017 with a controlled descent into Saturn's atmosphere. Hexagonal Storm: Saturn's north pole is home to a unique atmospheric phenomenon known as the hexagonal storm. This massive, persistently swirling storm forms a hexagonal shape and has a central vortex. The exact cause of this peculiar weather pattern is still under investigation. COMETS Composition: Comets are composed of ice, rock, dust, and organic compounds. Their icy nucleus contains a mixture of water, frozen gases (such as carbon dioxide and methane), and various types of solid particles. Orbits: Comets have elongated orbits that can take them far from the Sun, often originating from the Kuiper Belt or the Oort Cloud. When a comet's orbit brings it closer to the Sun, the heat causes the ice to vaporize, creating a glowing coma and distinctive tails. Scientific Significance: Comets are of great scientific importance as they provide a window into the early solar system's formation. By studying comets, scientists can gain insights into the composition and processes that occurred during the formation of planets and other celestial bodies billions of years ago. Space missions have been launched to explore and gather data directly from comets, enhancing our understanding of these fascinating objects. URANUS Unique Tilt: Uranus is known for its extreme axial tilt, as it rotates on its side compared to other planets in the solar system. This tilt is believed to have resulted from a collision with a massive object early in its history, causing its axis to be tilted at an angle of about 98 degrees. Atmosphere: Uranus has a predominantly hydrogen and helium atmosphere, but it also contains traces of methane. This methane gives Uranus its distinctive blue-green color, as it absorbs red light and reflects blue and green light back into space. The atmosphere is characterized by high-speed winds, reaching speeds of up to 900 kilometers per hour (560 miles per hour). Moons and Rings: Uranus has 27 known moons, named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope. The five largest moons are Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon. Uranus also has a system of rings, although they are not as prominent as the rings of Saturn. The rings are relatively dark and composed of ice particles mixed with rocky material. NEPTUNE Position and Distance: Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the Sun in our solar system, located about 4.5 billion kilometers (2.8 billion miles) away from the Sun. It takes approximately 165 Earth years for Neptune to complete one orbit around the Sun. Composition and Atmosphere: Neptune is an ice giant planet composed mainly of hydrogen, helium, and ices such as water, methane, and ammonia. Its atmosphere contains a high proportion of methane, which gives it a striking blue color. The presence of methane absorbs red light and reflects blue light, resulting in its distinct appearance. Moons and Rings: Neptune has a system of rings and a collection of moons. The most notable moon is Triton, which is the seventh-largest moon in the solar system and the only large moon in the solar system to orbit in the opposite direction of its planet's rotation. Neptune has a total of 14 known moons, including Nereid, Proteus, and Larissa KUIPER BELT Location and Size: The Kuiper Belt is a vast region of the solar system located beyond Neptune's orbit, extending from about 30 to 55 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun. It is estimated to be around 20 times wider and 200 times more massive than the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Composition and Objects: The Kuiper Belt is primarily composed of small icy bodies, including dwarf planets, comets, and a multitude of smaller objects known as Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs). The most famous KBO is Pluto, which was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006. The region contains remnants from the early solar system and is believed to provide valuable insights into its formation and evolution. PLUTO Dwarf Planet: Pluto was once considered the ninth planet in our solar system but was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). It is located in the Kuiper Belt, a region beyond Neptune's orbit. Characteristics: Pluto has a rocky core surrounded by a thin atmosphere primarily composed of nitrogen, with traces of methane and carbon monoxide. It has five known moons, the largest of which is Charon, and its surface is covered in frozen nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide. Pluto's orbit is highly elliptical, and it takes about 248 Earth years to complete one orbit around the Sun. Charon and Other Moons: Pluto has five known moons, with Charon being the largest and most well-known. Charon is so large relative to Pluto that they are sometimes considered a "binary system." The other moons of Pluto are Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx. OORT CLOUD Distant Region: The Oort Cloud is a hypothetical, vast, and mostly spherical region that is believed to exist in the outermost reaches of the solar system, far beyond the Kuiper Belt. It is thought to extend from about 2,000 to 200,000 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun. Comet Reservoir: The Oort Cloud is believed to be the source of long-period comets, which are comets with orbital periods greater than 200 years. These comets originate from the Oort Cloud and are occasionally gravitationally perturbed, sending them on highly elliptical orbits that bring them into the inner solar system. Icy Objects: The Oort Cloud is presumed to contain trillions of icy bodies, composed primarily of volatile compounds such as water, methane, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. These objects are remnants from the early formation of the solar system and are thought to be relatively undisturbed since their creation billions of years ago.

LHS 1140b LHS 1140b is an exoplanet that orbits the red dwarf star LHS 1140, which is located in the constellation Cetus, approximately 41 light-years away from Earth. Discovered in 2017, LHS 1140b has garnered significant attention in the field of exoplanet research due to its potential for habitability and its relatively close proximity to our solar system. Here's a detailed explanation of LHS 1140b, including information about its characteristics, atmosphere, and the potential for extraterrestrial life Basic Characteristics: Size and Type: LHS 1140b is a super-Earth, which means it is larger than Earth but smaller than gas giants like Neptune. It has a radius about 1.4 times that of Earth. Orbit: It orbits its host star, LHS 1140, which is a red dwarf star, in the habitable zone. The habitable zone is the region around a star where conditions may be right for liquid water to exist on the surface of a planet, a crucial factor for the potential of life as we know it. 2. Atmosphere of TRAPPIST-1 Exoplanets: Information about the specific composition and characteristics of the atmospheres of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets is not fully known. Detecting and characterizing exoplanet atmospheres is a challenging task that requires advanced telescopes and instruments. Astronomers have conducted studies to analyze the potential atmospheres of these exoplanets. The presence of atmospheres would be an essential factor in determining their habitability and potential for hosting life. Habitability Factors: Temperature: LHS 1140b's location in the habitable zone suggests that it may have the right temperatures for liquid water, a key ingredient for life, to exist on its surface. Stable Environment: Being in a stable orbit around a red dwarf star, LHS 1140b is less likely to experience extreme variations in radiation, making it more suitable for habitability. Challenges to Habitability: Red dwarf stars like LHS 1140 are known for their propensity to emit high levels of X-ray and ultraviolet radiation, which can be harmful to potential atmospheres and surface conditions. However, LHS 1140b's proximity to its host star may help protect it from excessive radiation. Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Detecting signs of extraterrestrial life on LHS 1140b would require advanced instruments and observational techniques, including studying the planet's atmosphere for biosignatures such as oxygen, methane, and other chemical imbalances that could indicate biological activity. Upcoming space telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and advanced ground-based observatories will play a crucial role in characterizing exoplanets like LHS 1140b and searching for signs of life. Comparison with Earth LHS 1140b and Earth are two vastly different planets, each with its own unique characteristics. Here's a comparison between the two: Size and Composition: LHS 1140b: LHS 1140b is classified as a super-Earth, meaning it is larger than Earth. It has a radius about 1.4 times that of Earth. Its composition is not well-known, but it is believed to be a rocky planet like Earth. Earth: Earth is a terrestrial planet with a well-documented composition. It has a radius of approximately 6,371 kilometers and is primarily composed of rock and metal. Distance from its Star: LHS 1140b: LHS 1140b orbits its host star, LHS 1140, at a much closer distance than Earth orbits the Sun. This proximity to its star means that LHS 1140b likely has a shorter orbital period, potentially resulting in different climate and weather patterns compared to Earth. Earth: Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 149.6 million kilometers (93 million miles). This distance places it in the habitable zone, allowing for the existence of liquid water and the relatively stable climate conditions that have supported life for billions of years. Host Star: LHS 1140b: LHS 1140b orbits a red dwarf star known as LHS 1140. Red dwarfs are cooler and smaller than our Sun, which can have implications for the conditions on planets orbiting them. Earth: Earth orbits a G-type main-sequence star, which is often referred to as a yellow dwarf. The Sun is much hotter and larger than LHS 1140, providing Earth with a different energy source. Atmosphere and Climate: LHS 1140b: The composition of LHS 1140b's atmosphere is not well-known, but it's a crucial factor for habitability. Its climate and weather patterns would be influenced by its proximity to its star and the composition of its atmosphere. Earth: Earth has a diverse atmosphere primarily composed of nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%), which is essential for supporting life as we know it. Earth's atmosphere plays a critical role in regulating its temperature and climate. Potential for Life: LHS 1140b: LHS 1140b is considered a potentially habitable exoplanet due to its location in the habitable zone. However, the presence of life or conditions suitable for life on LHS 1140b is purely speculative at this point and requires further study. Earth: Earth is the only known planet with confirmed life. It has a rich diversity of life forms, from microorganisms to complex multicellular organisms, including humans. Other Articles....... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-452b KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

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Discovered Exoplanets Kepler Telescope NASA's Kepler spacecraft was launched to search for Earth-like planets orbiting other stars. It discovered more than 2,600 of these "exoplanets"—including many that are promising places for life to exist.

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Hubble's Galaxy Discoveries Our Sun is just one of a vast number of stars within a galaxy called the Milky Way, which in turn is only one of the billions of galaxies in our universe. These massive cosmic neighborhoods, made up of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity, come in a variety of sizes, from dwarf galaxies containing as few as 100 million stars to giant galaxies of more than a trillion stars. Astronomers generally classify galaxies into three major categories: spiral – like our Milky Way – elliptical, and irregular. Astronomers quickly realized that Hubble had a flaw. Its mirror was slightly the wrong shape, causing the light that bounced off the center of the mirror to focus in a different place than light bouncing off the edge. This “spherical aberration,” about 1/50th the thickness of a sheet of paper, was corrected during the first servicing mission in 1993 with installation of the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR). The result was highresolution imaging as shown in the image of galaxy M100. Since then, all of Hubble’s instruments have had corrective optics built in, eventually making COSTAR unnecessary. It was removed from the telescope in 2009. ​ Hubble was upgraded four more times with improved instruments. The inset image is from Servicing Mission 1 (STS-61, Space Shuttle Endeavor) which took place in December 1993. Astronauts installed COSTAR and replaced Wide-Field Planetary Camera 1 (WFPC1) with Wide-Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2), the first instrument to have the correction built into its optics. The image shows astronauts replacing WFPC1 with WFPC2. Detailed note: The two images of the center of galaxy Messier 100 show WFPC1 and WFPC2 data and demonstrate how well Servicing Mission 1 corrected the mirror flaw. Hubble could now achieve its design specifications. The largest Hubble Space Telescope image ever assembled, this sweeping view of a portion of the Andromeda galaxy (M31) is the sharpest large composite image ever taken of our galactic neighbor. Though the galaxy is over 2 million light-years away, Hubble is powerful enough to resolve individual stars in a 61,000-light-year-long stretch of the galaxy. The Andromeda galaxy is only 2.5 million light-years from Earth, making it a much bigger target in the sky than the myriad galaxies Hubble routinely photographs that are billions of light-years away. The Hubble survey is assembled into a mosaic image using 7,398 exposures taken over 411 individual pointings. The data were taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys. The lower left inset points out the numerous types of objects seen in the image. The lower right inset is a composite made from a series of ground observations that shows the entire M31 galaxy and the portion imaged by Hubble. This 91-million pixel mosaic of the Whirlpool Galaxy (M51) was released to celebrate Hubble’s 15th anniversary. Beyond the sheer beauty of the image, the details along the spiral arms follow the progression of star formation from dark dust clouds through pink star-forming regions to blue newborn star clusters. Some astronomers believe that the Whirlpool's arms are so prominent because of the effects of a close encounter with NGC 5195, the small, yellowish galaxy at the outermost tip of one of the Whirlpool's arm. The distance to M51 is 23 million light years (7 megaparsecs). This image of the Sombrero Galaxy is one of the first large mosaics produced from the Advanced Camera for Surveys instrument. Combining data from six pointings, the full resolution image contains over 70 million pixels. The Sombrero is cataloged as Messier 104 (M104). The galaxy's hallmark is a brilliant white, bulbous core encircled by the thick dust lanes comprising the spiral structure of the galaxy. As seen from Earth, the galaxy is tilted nearly edge-on. We view it from just six degrees north of its equatorial plane. This brilliant galaxy was named the Sombrero because of its resemblance to the broad rim and high-topped Mexican hat. Sombrero is 28 million light years (9 megaparsecs) away. These two spiral galaxies started to interact a few hundred million years ago, making the Antennae galaxies one of the nearest and youngest examples of a pair of colliding galaxies. Nearly half of the faint objects in the Antennae image are young clusters containing tens of thousands of stars. The orange blobs to the left and right of image center are the two cores of the original galaxies and consist mainly of old stars criss-crossed by filaments of dust, which appear brown in the image. The two galaxies are dotted with brilliant blue star-forming regions surrounded by glowing hydrogen gas, appearing in the image in pink. The image allows astronomers to better distinguish between the stars and super star clusters created in the collision of two spiral galaxies. The Antennae are 62 million light years (19 megaparsecs) away. Galaxy interactions are not always the grand collisions seen in the Antennae galaxies. These two interacting galaxies, called the Rose Galaxy or catalog name Arp 273, have produced less pronounced distortions in each others’ shape. The larger of the spiral galaxies, known as UGC 1810, has a disk that is tidally distorted into a rose-like shape by the gravitational tidal pull of the companion galaxy below it, known as UGC 1813. A swath of blue jewels across the top is the combined light from clusters of intensely bright and hot young blue stars. These massive stars glow fiercely in ultraviolet light. The smaller, nearly edge-on companion shows distinct signs of intense star formation at its nucleus, perhaps triggered by the encounter with the companion galaxy. Some called this picture a “rose” of galaxies, with the upper galaxy as the bloom, and the lower galaxy as the stem. The pair is 340 million light years (105 megaparsecs) away.

Zombie Planets Zombie planets, also known as "pulsar planets" or "planets around pulsars," are a fascinating and relatively rare astronomical phenomenon Zombie Planets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Zombie planets, also known as "pulsar planets" or "planets around pulsars," are a fascinating and relatively rare astronomical phenomenon. Here's a more detailed description and some interesting facts about zombie planets: ​ Description: Zombie planets are exoplanets that survive the catastrophic death of their parent stars and continue to exist in orbit around a highly dense remnant called a pulsar. Pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars formed after massive stars undergo a supernova explosion. These pulsars emit intense beams of radiation from their poles, resembling lighthouse beams, due to their rapid rotation. If a planet is close enough to the pulsar but outside its destructive beam, it can potentially survive as a "zombie planet." ​ Facts: Host Star Demise: Zombie planets are the remnants of planetary systems that were once part of a massive star. When the star runs out of nuclear fuel, it undergoes a supernova, releasing an enormous amount of energy, and leaving behind a collapsed core—a neutron star or pulsar. Extreme Conditions: Zombie planets are exposed to harsh conditions. They are incredibly cold and dark since they no longer receive any energy from their deceased parent star. Instead, they rely on the faint radiation and residual heat from the pulsar. Radioactive Environment: Pulsars emit powerful radiation, including X-rays and gamma rays, due to their rapid rotation and intense magnetic fields. Zombie planets within the pulsar's vicinity experience extreme radiation, making them inhospitable to life as we know it. Detection Challenges: Detecting zombie planets is challenging due to their remote and faint nature. Astronomers have to use advanced techniques, such as pulsar timing and indirect methods, to infer the presence of these planets. Potential Habitability: While the surface of zombie planets is inhospitable, there is speculation that subsurface regions or oceans shielded from radiation might harbor conditions suitable for life to exist. Candidate PSR B1257+12: One of the first and best-studied examples of a pulsar with planets is PSR B1257+12, located about 980 light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It has three known planets. Formation Theories: Zombie planets can potentially form from debris disks or leftover material around the pulsar after the supernova event. Another possibility is the capture of planets from other star systems. Interaction with Pulsar: The presence of a planet can influence the pulsar's rotational dynamics. The planet's gravitational pull causes slight variations in the pulsar's signal, enabling scientists to indirectly detect their presence. Astrophysical Curiosities: Zombie planets are intriguing astrophysical curiosities that expand our understanding of planetary systems, stellar evolution, and the complex dynamics in extreme environments. Future Exploration: As technology and observational capabilities improve, astronomers hope to discover more zombie planets and gain insights into their properties, helping us unravel the mysteries of these captivating celestial objects. ​ Zombie planets represent a fascinating intersection of stellar remnants and planetary systems, offering a glimpse into the resilience of planets surviving extreme events in the universe. Further research and discoveries in this field may shed more light on these mysterious worlds. Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

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Worm Hole Let's begin the curvature of worm hole What is a worm hole?, how are worm holes formed?, and what is the function of a worm hole?, I will tell you all this in this article today, so first let's talk about what a worm hole is, how these worm holes are made and How it works, so worm hole connects two different places in space, just like a bridge, so that we can cover long distances in a short time, as you see in the image below, worm hole space. It bends like this and we can show it as a circle and a circle is a sphere in 3D, so the worm hole is also like a sphere. By traveling in this, you can bridge the distance between two places in a very short time, but a big question is that how are worm holes formed? We have heard about black holes that they are formed after supernova, but worm holes are We do not know how they are formed, worm holes are not a natural phenomenon, we have to create them artificially. But till date we have not succeeded in creating such a big worm hole, we have definitely done this test on a very small level but it is not enough for a human being, so only some advanced civilization can do this in the future. You are controlling us and they can create a worm hole just like the interstellar movie.

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Latest News Latest Press Mentions Exciting Findings at Spacelia Add a News Article with a short summary and a link. You can also add a video for extra engagement. Be detailed and thorough to interest your readers, and include links to the original story online. A Revolutionary Space Exploration Lab Add a News Article with a short summary and a link. You can also add a video for extra engagement. Be detailed and thorough to interest your readers, and include links to the original story online. Top Discoveries of the Decade Add a News Article with a short summary and a link. You can also add a video for extra engagement. Be detailed and thorough to interest your readers, and include links to the original story online. Chandrayan-3 We proudly say that our Indian Space Research Organization declares chandrayan-3 mission details, ISRO is likely to launch Chandrayaan-3 on July 14, 2023 at 2:30 pm from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota. The mission involves landing a rover on the lunar surface. The mission has been budgeted at Rs 615 crore. Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. It has a lander and rover configuration. open this link to watch live updates of chandrayan-3 - https://www.youtube.com/live/hotLcNvS_VA?feature=share Aditya L1 Aditya L1 shall be the first space based Indian mission to study the Sun. The spacecraft shall be placed in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) of the Sun-Earth system, which is about 1.5 million km from the Earth. A satellite placed in the halo orbit around the L1 point has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/eclipses. it will be launch on 2nd september 11:50, and it will take about 109 days to reach l1 point. click here to see Aditya-L1 launch

Chandrayaan-3: India's Next Lunar Odyssey India has made remarkable strides in space exploration over the past few decades, and one of its most ambitious projects is the Chandrayaan series. Following the success of Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is gearing up for the next mission in this lunar exploration series - Chandrayaan-3. This article explores the history, objectives, budget, and significance of Chandrayaan-3. Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Zombie Planets Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

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Facts about Space Facts about space, new planets, antique thing in space, new updates The great attractor Location: The Great Attractor is located in the direction of the Centaurus and Hydra constellations, roughly 150 million light-years away from Earth. Its position behind the dust clouds of our Milky Way galaxy makes it challenging to observe directly. Gravitational Pull: The Great Attractor possesses an immense gravitational force that influences the motion of nearby galaxies. It acts as a massive attractor, causing galaxies to move towards it at high speeds. This gravitational pull shapes the large-scale structure of the universe. Uncertain Nature: The exact nature and composition of the Great Attractor remain a mystery. Scientists propose various theories, including the possibility of it being a concentration of dark matter or a supercluster of galaxies. Further research and observations are necessary to unravel the true nature of this cosmic phenomenon. Age of water A fascinating fact about the age of water on Earth is that some of the water molecules we have today are estimated to be as old as the solar system itself. This conclusion is based on the analysis of isotopes, specifically the ratios of deuterium (a heavy isotope of hydrogen) to regular hydrogen in water samples. By studying these isotopic ratios, scientists have determined that a portion of Earth's water has likely been part of the planet's hydrological cycle since its formation approximately 4.5 billion years ago. This means that the water we use and encounter every day has been cycling through the Earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land for billions of years, making it a remarkable and ancient resource. Gliese 436 B Classification: Gliese 436 b is classified as a "hot Neptune" due to its size resembling Neptune, but with extreme temperatures. Orbit and Distance: It orbits very close to its parent star, completing a revolution in just 2.64 Earth days. Gliese 436 b is located approximately 33 light-years away from Earth. Atmosphere and Composition: The planet has a scorching atmosphere due to its close proximity to the star. It is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, but also contains exotic materials such as "hot ice" or superheated steam. Density and Structure: Gliese 436 b has a relatively low density compared to other exoplanets of similar mass and size. The planet may have a dense core surrounded by a massive envelope of hydrogen and helium. Tidal Forces: Strong tidal forces act on the planet due to its proximity to the star. These tidal forces elongate the planet, leading to additional heating of its atmosphere. The oldest planet Age: PSR B1620-26 system is estimated to be around 12.7 billion years old. Star: The system's central star is a binary system consisting of a pulsar (PSR B1620-26) and a white dwarf. Planets: PSR B1620-26 b (Methuselah): Discovered in 2003. Gas giant planet. Similar in size to Jupiter. Mass is approximately 2.5 times that of Jupiter. Orbits both the pulsar and the white dwarf. Average distance from the star: about 23 astronomical units (AU). Highly eccentric orbit. Orbital period: roughly 100 Earth years. PSR B1620-26 c (Genesis): Discovered in 2006. Gas giant planet. Orbits at a distance of approximately 83 AU from the central stars. GJ 1214B Discovery: GJ 1214b was discovered in 2009 by the MEarth Project, which aims to detect Earth-sized exoplanets orbiting nearby M-dwarf stars. Classification: GJ 1214b is classified as a super-Earth exoplanet. Size and Mass: GJ 1214b is larger than Earth but smaller than gas giants like Jupiter. Its size is approximately 2.7 times the Earth's radius. The mass of GJ 1214b is estimated to be around 6.5 times the mass of Earth. Composition: GJ 1214b is believed to have a substantial atmosphere. The planet's composition consists of a combination of rock and water. HD 140283 Age: HD 140283 is one of the oldest known stars in the universe. Its estimated age is about 14.46 billion years, making it older than the estimated age of the universe itself. Distance: HD 140283 is located approximately 190 light-years away from Earth. It is situated in the constellation Libra. Spectral Class and Subgiant Status: HD 140283 is classified as a subgiant star. It belongs to the spectral class F9, indicating its temperature and other Speciality: This planet is the oldest planet of our universe, in fact this planet is older than universe Deja Vu effect ​Deja vu is a psychological phenomenon characterized by a strong sense of familiarity or the feeling that one has experienced a current situation or event before, despite knowing that it is impossible. While the exact cause of deja vu is not fully understood, several theories have been proposed to explain its occurrence. Here are some of the leading theories: Prevalence: Deja vu is a common phenomenon experienced by a significant portion of the population. Studies suggest that approximately 60-80% of people report having had at least one deja vu experience in their lifetime. Milkey way galaxy The Milky Way Galaxy was born about 12.7 years ago, and is still expanding rapidly today. According to scientists, 6 to 7 new stars are born every year in our milky way galaxy and every year a light star dies and turns into a planetary nebula. Our solar system is 27,000 light years away from the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Our milky way galaxy travels through space at a speed of about 583 KM/S, and it is expanding at a speed of 1770 KM/H. At the center of our Milky Way galaxy is the SAGITTARIUS A* black hole with a mass 4.3 million times that of our Sun. Speed of Light The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second (or about 186,282 miles per second). This speed is denoted by the symbol "c" in physics equations. Light travels at a constant speed in a vacuum, regardless of the source or the observer's motion. This is one of the fundamental principles of physics. The speed of light is incredibly fast. For example, light from the Sun takes about 8 minutes and 20 seconds to reach Earth, even though the distance is about 93 million miles (150 million kilometers). The speed of light is the fastest known speed in the universe. According to our current understanding of physics, no object with mass can reach or exceed the speed of light. Travel at speed of light If we travel at the speed of light, what will the universe look like, then understand that when we drive in the rain, the rain water hits the windshield of the car, as the speed of the car increases, the water hits more diagonally and today The concept applies to spaceships and interstellar space in the universe, where the spaceship traveling at the speed of the universe appears in 2D form in a frame against the light of the surrounding stars.​ MIT University has done one such fun experiment in which it has shown what it feels like to go back and forth at the speed of light. (Download link is below) Click here to experience Slower Speed of Light game Speed of Light 2 The fastest moving thing in our universe is light, which moves at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second. You will be surprised to know that light takes 1.3 seconds to reach the moon from earth and it takes 182 seconds to reach Mars and it takes 32 minutes to reach Jupiter and it takes 500 years to reach our Milky Way Galaxy. Light takes 2500000 years to go and reach the nearest Galaxy Andromeda and you will be surprised to hear that despite the speed of light, it can never cross the universe because our universe is spreading faster than light. Time Dilation What is time dilation? Let us understand in a very simplified way, you must have seen the Interstellar movie, in which time is extremely slow on the planet named Millers, where 1 hour spent is equal to 7 years spent on Earth. This is because the planet was very close to the black hole, according to Einstein's theory of relativity, black holes have more time warp, so that time slows down. So understand it in this way that it normally takes us time to go from point A to B, but if we pass near a black hole, then the curvature increases, so it takes more time for us to go from A to B. Epsilon Eridani Star System 7th Aug 2000 Scientists have discovered a new star system named Epsilon Eridani in the Eridanus constellation about 10.5 light years away from Earth. This star system is exactly like our solar system. In this star system we have discovered Epsilon Eridani-b and a low mass planet Epsilon Eridani-c like Jupiter. Apart from this, the asteroid belt is also present in this star system just like our solar system. About 800 million years old, this star system is similar to the time when life began on our Earth. Scientists also consider this star system as the home of aliens.​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ Strange Planets The Pink Planet : GJ504B is a planet that looks completely pink in color and the reason for the pink appearance of this house is its intense heat which makes it look pink, and this planet is 4 times bigger than Jupiter. Super Saturn : J1407B is also called Super Saturn because this planet has the largest planetary ring system ever found and this ring system is 640 times bigger than Saturn. The golden planet : 16 psyche is an asteroid, but it is also called a minor planet. There is a lot of gold in this asteroid. Let us tell you that the price of this minor planet is about 700 quintillion dollars. Space Facts-1 Right now we know only 5% of the universe out of 100 hubs and this is what we call the observable universe and according to scientists there are about 2 trillion galaxies in our observable universe. 1 billion 400 million years ago, a day on our earth used to be 18 hours 41 minutes. There are thousands of millions of black holes present in our Milky Way Galaxy, which keep wandering in space like this. HD140283 is considered to be the first star of this universe and the age of this star is 14.3 billion years which is more than the age of our universe. The black hole that is closest to our earth is named HR6819 and this black hole is 1000 light years away from us. PSR J1719 1438B In the year 2009, MATHEW BAILES, who is an astrophysicist, saw a house from his telescope which was 3000 times bigger than the sun, yet it was revolving around its sun, then after research, it was found that in a supernova explosion, that star was transformed into a nevtron star, whose mass is much more than its house, so it is holding its star despite being small, and that planet has also become a super giant, but due to the heat of its star. Since then the carbon inside it has now become diamond and that planet is a complete diamond planet. Center of Mass in Solar System We all have been reading since childhood that all the planets in our solar system revolve around the Sun, so according to that, the middle point for all the planets should be the middle point of the Sun, but it is not so in reality. Gravitational force pulls the planet towards itself, similarly the planets also pull the Sun, but here the Sun is an ancient and very big star, so its force is more than all the other planets, hence all the planets are seen revolving around it, but all the planets And the center of mass between the Sun is different, like Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system, so as soon as its gravitational force and the force of the Sun meet, both of them revolve around their center of mass which is away from the center of the Sun. Comes a little further. Time Traveler Party The great scientist Stephen Hawking was already experimenting on time travel. In 2009, Stephen Hawking hosted a reception for time travelers at the University of Cambridge. He sent out invitations but did not publicize the event until afterward. The idea was to see if any time travelers would attend, as they would be aware of the event's details through time-traveling knowledge. But no one attended that party which proved that humans cannot time travel. And we also know that if we have to go back in time then it is never possible in the universe. What is Time? Time!, what is time? You will say that a clock or a calendar will be something like this, no, time is not a thing, all these are things to measure time. Time is a dimension, I understand in simple language, time has been moving ever since our universe was created, so is time moving us? No, things keep changing with time, meaning motion also keeps on changing with time, see like ever since the universe was created, it is expanding and all this is happening with time. Before the Big Bang, there was no motion in the singularity, so there was no time then, it can be said as if only time can be the cause of change. Times are changing. Why we should not make contact with aliens right now Great scientist Stephen Hawking said that we should not make contact with aliens right now. Why did he give such advice? Because we humans are still like small children in the world of technology, you will say that science has progressed so much, so many discoveries have been made, we have even gone to space, once or twice in space. We do not become rich by leaving, we have not even searched for living on another planet or have gone to live on any other planet. This progress seems big to us but it is nothing. If we contact any alien civilization, they will reach our Earth and may even harm us, that is why even today we do not respond to any signal. Quantum Elevator What is a quantum elevator? Suppose you are in a building and each floor of this building is a different dimension, you live on the 4th floor, that is, in the 4th dimension, and you have to go from the 4th floor to the 10th floor and there is an elevator here which will take you there. But when you are going from 4th floor to 10th floor then you will not be able to see the floors coming in between and you will not even know what is on this floor. This is how the quantum elevator works. And this can be very different in different dimensions, it takes us in a fixed dimension. Bennu Asteroid Composition: Bennu is a carbonaceous asteroid, rich in carbon-based compounds. This composition makes it valuable for scientists, as it could provide insights into the origin of life and the early solar system. Sample Collection: NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission successfully collected a sample from Bennu's surface in October 2020. This mission aims to return the collected samples to Earth, allowing scientists to study the asteroid's material in detail. Impact Risk: Bennu is classified as a potentially hazardous asteroid due to its orbit's proximity to Earth's orbit. Scientists continue to monitor its trajectory to assess any potential impact risks in the future. Images Voyager's Golden Record The Voyager Golden Record, a time capsule of humanity's cultural and scientific achievements, was launched aboard the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft by NASA in 1977. This phonograph record contains a diverse array of sounds and images representing Earth and its inhabitants, including greetings in 55 languages, music from various cultures, and images depicting life on our planet. The record was designed to serve as a message to any extraterrestrial civilizations that might encounter the Voyager spacecraft. A testament to human curiosity and creativity, the Voyager Golden Record remains a symbolic representation of our species' desire to reach out and connect with the unknown, even across the vastness of space. Gallery WARP Drive Warp drive is a theoretical propulsion system that features prominently in science fiction, notably in franchises like "Star Trek." The concept involves manipulating space-time to enable faster-than-light travel, allowing spacecraft to travel vast interstellar distances in a relatively short time. In essence, warp drive contracts space in front of the spacecraft while expanding it behind, creating a warp bubble that moves the vessel. While widely popularized, especially by theoretical physicist Miguel Alcubierre's theoretical framework in 1994, practical implementation remains a distant dream due to the enormous energy requirements and unresolved challenges in bending space-time as proposed. Scientists continue to explore the theoretical underpinnings of warp drive, but as of now, it remains firmly in the realm of speculative science fiction. Psyche Asteroid Psyche is a massive asteroid located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It's of particular interest to scientists because it's composed mostly of metallic iron and nickel, resembling Earth's core. This unique composition has led researchers to hypothesize that Psyche might be the exposed core of an early planetesimal, offering a rare opportunity to study the interior of a planet-like body. NASA's Psyche spacecraft, slated for launch in 2022, aims to explore this intriguing asteroid, providing valuable insights into the processes that shaped the early solar system and potentially uncovering secrets about planetary core formation. Earendel Star The James Webb Space Telescope has discovered the most distant star in space, which is believed to be the most distant star ever explored, and it is also believed that this star was formed only in the first 100 million years after the Big Bang. had gone Arandale was discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2002 and along with its expansion, it has moved 2800 kilometers away from us. Recently, NASA has once again discovered this star with the help of James Webb Telescope and it has been revealed that it is 2 times bigger than our sun, its brightness is 1 million times more than our sun. NGC 6166 Black Hole Psyche is a massive asteroid located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It's of particular interest to scientists because it's composed mostly of metallic iron and nickel, resembling Earth's core. This unique composition has led researchers to hypothesize that Psyche might be the exposed core of an early planetesimal, offering a rare opportunity to study the interior of a planet-like body. NASA's Psyche spacecraft, slated for launch in 2022, aims to explore this intriguing asteroid, providing valuable insights into the processes that shaped the early solar system and potentially uncovering secrets about planetary core formation.

Jainism and Science In this section we talk about some same points between jainism and science. Similarity You might be wondering what Jainism has to do with science? So now I am going to tell you about such science which was said in Jainism thousands of years ago. You know that science has proved the soul and has told that there is a soul, but this thing is already written in Jainism, let me give you a real life example - "Once a girl was admitted in the hospital. And that girl had come to that hospital for the first time, then that girl woke up in the morning and told what all the things were on the roof of this hospital and how the roof was and explained it completely, the surprising thing is that the roof of that hospital It has been tied for many years and no one needs to know it, then how did that girl know all this? Because the soul of that girl had gone to that rooftop at night. "You might not know that our soul can also travel. This has also been proved by science, and all these things have already been written in Jainism. If you don't believe this then I can show you proof of many other such things. Jain people do not say anything after sunset at night, and you might be finding it unique that why is this so, science also says that one should not eat anything after sunset in the evening, there is a scientific reason for it as well which I will tell you about. Let me explain from the above, you must have seen the sunflower which opens as soon as the sun rises and closes again as soon as the sun sets, our stomach also works in the same way, that is why it is said in Jainism that One should eat after sunrise and not eat after sunset, and this has been proved by science today. And there is one thing which is scientifically proven that we should drink only hot water every day, hot means boiled water, there are many benefits of drinking it and science also accepts this. In our religion it is said to fast after every 15 days and our Lord also used to fast for a long time, a scientist conducted an experiment where some people were made to fast after 15 days and it The result was that the people who fasted were much healthier than the common people and there was a lot of change in their digestive system. Are all these things not enough to say that thousands of years ago, advanced people used to live and those people were none other than our Jains and we should be proud of that. Chat Section...... Other Articles.... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop Parallel World Travel Age of our Universe Zombie Planets

Time Line

Existence of Multiverse Overview what is multiverse? , Does it exist in real?, and if yes then how, I will also show its proof and an experiment. In this article, you will know the secret of the multiverse and all the facts related to it and will also know whether it exists or not. 1.1 Imaginary view of multiverse Perspective.... We already know about the multiverse that this is our universe and there must be another such universe outside this universe and we have named it multiverse, but can't it be that when the Big Bang happened, different universes were created? It must have happened, it must be strange to hear but I will explain it to you very well. You must have read in Science in class 8-9 that when milk is heated, the particles below its surface get heated and come up and the cold particles from above come down and in the same way the milk gets heated, but this one feels hotter. After this, its hot molecules come up through an air bubble, which takes time and the milk gets heated quickly, so what is the relation of this to our theory?, like the milk particles get heated more and form a bubble type structure. Similarly, when the Big Bang happened, the particles were spread among the molecules, then that energy would also have taken a bubble-like form and we live in one of those bubble type structures. 1.2 Bubble type structure in milk Where is proof?..... 1.3 Experience of deja vu. By now you must have understood all the society but still there must be a question somewhere in your mind that proving the multiverse only on the medium of milk does not seem confidential. Yes, so now I will tell you some experiments and proofs, imagine that you are looking at the Taj Mahal and suddenly this thought came to you that yes, I have already seen the Taj Mahal and that too while standing at the same place, or Sometimes it may have happened that you are meeting someone for the first time and you feel that you have met them before, 94% of the people in the whole world have felt such things, this is called déjà vu effect, it means first. Some work done The thesis behind this is that when your timeline collides with your avatar, which is in another universe of the multiverse, then you feel that your other avatar has done this thing earlier and that thing is saved in your memory. It happens and when you see that thing again, you feel that you have done it before. We can compare this thing with the multiverse, and somewhere this thing may have a connection with the multiverse.

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KEPLER-186f Kepler-186f is an Earth-sized exoplanet located 500 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus. It orbits a red dwarf star, Kepler-186, within its habitable zone, where conditions might allow liquid water to exist. This discovery sparked interest in the search for potentially habitable exoplanets and raised questions about the possibility of extraterrestrial life beyond our solar system. However, limited data about its atmosphere and surface make it challenging to assess its true habitability. 1. Characteristics of Kepler-186f: Size: Kepler-186f is considered an Earth-sized exoplanet, with an estimated radius about 1.1 times that of Earth. This makes it one of the few exoplanets discovered at the time that was close in size to our own planet. Parent Star: Kepler-186f orbits a red dwarf star known as Kepler-186, which is cooler and smaller than our Sun. Kepler-186 is classified as an M-dwarf star. Orbit: Kepler-186f is in a relatively tight orbit around its host star, completing one orbit approximately every 130 Earth days. It receives about a third of the energy from its star compared to Earth's energy from the Sun. Habitable Zone: One of the most intriguing aspects of Kepler-186f is its location within the habitable zone (Goldilocks zone) of its star. The habitable zone is the region around a star where conditions might be suitable for liquid water to exist on the planet's surface, which is a key factor for the potential development of life as we know it. 2. Atmosphere of Kepler-186f: Information about the specific composition and characteristics of Kepler-186f's atmosphere is not currently known. Detecting and analyzing the atmospheres of exoplanets, especially those as distant as Kepler-186f, is a challenging task that often requires advanced telescopes and instruments. Detailed studies of an exoplanet's atmosphere can provide important insights into its potential habitability. 3. Potential for Extraterrestrial Life: Kepler-186f's location within the habitable zone of its star makes it an intriguing candidate for the potential existence of extraterrestrial life. The habitable zone represents the region where conditions might be right for liquid water to exist on the planet's surface, which is a crucial ingredient for life as we know it. However, the presence of liquid water alone does not guarantee the existence of life. Other factors, such as the composition of the planet's atmosphere, the presence of essential nutrients, geological activity, and the stability of the climate, also play vital roles in determining habitability. Detecting signs of life on Kepler-186f or any exoplanet is extremely challenging and would likely require advanced telescopes capable of analyzing the planet's atmosphere for biomarkers (e.g., oxygen, methane) or other potential signs of biological activity. Kepler-186f and Earth have some similarities, such as their Earth-sized classification and the fact that Kepler-186f is located within the habitable zone of its star. However, they also have several key differences. Here's a comparison between Kepler-186f and Earth: ​ 1. Size and Mass: Earth: Earth is approximately 12,742 kilometers (7,918 miles) in diameter and has a mass of about 5.972 × 10^24 kilograms. Kepler-186f: Kepler-186f is considered an Earth-sized exoplanet, with an estimated radius about 1.1 times that of Earth. Its exact mass is not precisely known but is believed to be greater than Earth. ​ 2. Parent Star and Orbit: Earth: Earth orbits the Sun, a G-type main-sequence star (G2V), at an average distance of about 149.6 million kilometers (93 million miles). It completes one orbit around the Sun in approximately 365.25 days. Kepler-186f: Kepler-186f orbits a red dwarf star known as Kepler-186, which is cooler and smaller than our Sun. Its orbit around Kepler-186 takes approximately 130 Earth days. ​ 3. Habitable Zone: Earth: Earth is located within the habitable zone of the Sun, where conditions for liquid water are ideal for the existence of life. Kepler-186f: Kepler-186f is also located within the habitable zone of its star, Kepler-186. This means that, theoretically, it could have conditions suitable for liquid water to exist on its surface. ​ 4. Atmosphere: Earth: Earth has a diverse and life-sustaining atmosphere composed primarily of nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%), with trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere plays a critical role in regulating temperature and supporting life. Kepler-186f: The specific composition and characteristics of Kepler-186f's atmosphere are not currently known. Detailed studies are needed to determine the presence and properties of its atmosphere. ​ 5. Surface Conditions: Earth: Earth has a variety of surface conditions, including continents, oceans, and various climate zones. It supports a wide range of life forms and ecosystems. Kepler-186f: The specific surface conditions of Kepler-186f, such as the presence of oceans, continents, or any geological activity, are not known due to limited observational data. ​ 6. Potential for Extraterrestrial Life: Earth: Earth is known to host a diverse array of life, from microorganisms to complex multicellular organisms, including humans. Kepler-186f: While it is located within the habitable zone and is considered an interesting candidate for further study, the presence of extraterrestrial life on Kepler-186f is purely speculative at this point. It is one of the exoplanets that has garnered attention for its potential habitability. Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-452b Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Theories Scientific explanation of any topic Time Is Not Constant only one thing is constant and it is a change. okay for some reason i thought time is constant so when something is come from nothing so nothing is consist nothing not time also. so yes the question is when vacume is consist nothing so time is not constant. but here is a Einstein's Relativity theory is proved wrong as per this perspactive but no everything is right in it's limits. Origin Of Earth Origin of our universe is from big bang effect. and origin of our galaxy is to collab of two galaxies, but origin of our earth is ? , origin of our earth is from sun because age of our galaxy is roughly 13.6 billion years and age of our sun is 4.6 billion years and age of our earth is 4.5 billion years, so the origin of our earth is from sun as per my perspective. exploit on suns surface core is a origin of all planets and asteroids, exploit of sun and other rock is origin of our moon. so this is my basic phenomena. The BIg-Bang Theory The early theory of origin of origin of universe is The Big Bang Theory. which consist a nebular exploidation of two nebulas. this theory is a strongest theory of the origin of universe. when big bang cause dark mater and all galaxies are origin. all things of our universe is cause in this time. scientist strongly work on this theory. Georges Lemaitre || 1894 - 1966 General Relativity Theory The theory of relativity is a scientific theory proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905 and 1915 that fundamentally changed our understanding of space, time, and gravity. It has two main parts: Special relativity: which deals with objects moving at constant speeds, and shows that time is relative to the observer and that objects appear differently depending on the observer's position and motion. General relativity: which deals with the force of gravity and shows that it is not a force at all, but rather the curvature of spacetime caused by the presence of mass and energy. Albert Einstein || 1905 Heat Death Of The Universe The heat death of the universe theory proposes that, over an immense span of time, the universe will gradually reach a state of maximum entropy and energy equilibrium. As the universe expands, the average energy density decreases, leading to a cooling effect. Eventually, all usable energy will be uniformly distributed and no longer available for work or sustaining life. This scenario predicts the loss of structure, complexity, and organization as energy dissipates, resulting in a cold, sparse, and lifeless universe. Lord Kelvin || 1850 Multiness Of Thoughts What we are experiencing right now, whether we have a dream or a thought represents our future, it means that what we think will happen to us, so always keep positive thinking. You may have seen the movie Interstellar where a man controls the fourth diamentio from the future and how our present is connected to our past, this basic concept is what I call the concept of Multiness of Thoughts. this concept is also connected with quantum theories, because this theory also say that all thigs which we see is create with our thoughts and after we see it's die immediately. Quantum Theory Quantum theory, also known as quantum mechanics, is a foundational theory in physics that describes the behavior of particles at the smallest scales. It introduces the concept of quantized energy levels, probabilistic behavior, and the wave-particle duality. Quantum theory revolutionized our understanding of the microscopic world, providing a mathematical framework to calculate probabilities and predict particle interactions. Its applications range from explaining the behavior of atoms and molecules to enabling technologies like quantum computing and quantum cryptography. Quantum theory has fundamentally transformed our understanding of the nature of reality and continues to shape our exploration of the fundamental workings of the universe. Niels Bohr & Max Planck || 1900 Hubble's Law Hubble's Law, named after the astronomer Edwin Hubble, states that galaxies are moving away from us, and the farther they are, the faster they are receding. This law is based on the observation that the light from distant galaxies is shifted towards the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum, known as redshift. Hubble's Law provides evidence for the expansion of the universe and serves as a cornerstone of modern cosmology. By studying the redshift of galaxies, scientists can determine their distance and calculate the rate of cosmic expansion. Hubble's Law has contributed significantly to our understanding of the origin, evolution, and large-scale structure of the universe. Edwin Hubble's || 1929 Cosmic Inflation Cosmic inflation theory proposes that the universe underwent an extremely rapid expansion, known as cosmic inflation, in the earliest moments of its existence. This theory suggests that, shortly after the Big Bang, a tiny patch of space expanded exponentially, causing the universe to rapidly expand and flatten out. Cosmic inflation helps explain several observations, such as the uniformity of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the overall large-scale structure of the universe. It also provides a possible solution to the horizon problem and the flatness problem in cosmology. While cosmic inflation remains a theoretical concept, it has gained widespread acceptance and is considered a crucial component of our current understanding of the early universe. Alan Guth || 1980 String Theory String theory is a theoretical framework in physics that aims to unify all the fundamental forces and particles of nature. It proposes that the fundamental building blocks of the universe are not point-like particles but tiny, vibrating strings of energy. These strings exist in higher-dimensional spacetime and their vibrations give rise to different particles with various properties. String theory offers a promising path towards reconciling general relativity and quantum mechanics, two foundational theories that currently appear incompatible. It also suggests the existence of additional dimensions beyond the familiar three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. String theory is still an area of active research and has sparked numerous developments in theoretical physics, including the concept of holography and new insights into quantum gravity and black hole physics. Gabriele Veneziano || 1969 Dark Matter Theory Dark matter theory proposes the existence of a type of matter that does not interact with light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation but exerts a gravitational influence on visible matter. It is called "dark" because it does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible and difficult to detect directly. Dark matter is inferred from its gravitational effects on galaxies and galaxy clusters, explaining the observed rotation curves of galaxies and the dynamics of galactic clusters. The exact nature of dark matter remains unknown, and its composition is a subject of ongoing research. The existence of dark matter is a crucial component in current cosmological models, accounting for a significant portion of the mass in the universe and shaping the large-scale structure we observe. Fritz Zwicky || 1933 Dark Energy Theory Dark energy theory is a concept in physics that attempts to explain the observed accelerated expansion of the universe. It suggests the existence of a mysterious form of energy that permeates all of space and drives this expansion. Dark energy is thought to possess negative pressure, counteracting the gravitational pull of matter and causing the universe to expand at an increasing rate. Its nature and origin remain elusive, with potential explanations ranging from a cosmological constant, as proposed by Einstein, to more exotic possibilities like quintessence or modifications of general relativity. Dark energy constitutes a significant fraction of the total energy density in the universe, but its precise properties and role in cosmic evolution continue to be active areas of scientific investigation. Adam Riess || 1998 Multiverse Theory Multiverse theory is a speculative concept in cosmology and theoretical physics that suggests the existence of multiple universes or parallel realities beyond our own observable universe. According to this theory, each universe within the multiverse could have its own unique physical laws, constants, and properties. The idea of a multiverse arises from attempts to explain various fundamental questions, such as the fine-tuning of physical constants and the origin of our universe. While there are different versions of multiverse theory, they generally propose that the vastness of possibilities extends beyond what we can observe, and that our universe is just one among countless others. The concept of a multiverse is still highly speculative and remains a topic of philosophical and scientific debate, with ongoing research exploring its potential implications and ways to test its validity. William James || 1895 Tagmark's Four Levels of Multiverse The concept of the multiverse is indeed a subject of ongoing scientific exploration and theoretical discussion. Some theories propose different levels or types of multiverse based on various hypotheses, such as: Level I Multiverse: This level of multiverse is based on the idea of an infinite or vastly large universe, where regions far beyond what we can observe contain regions similar to our observable universe. This concept arises from cosmic inflation theory. Level II Multiverse: This level of multiverse is related to the idea of bubble universes within an inflating space. According to eternal inflation theory, our universe could be just one of many "bubbles" embedded in a larger multiverse. Level III Multiverse: This level of multiverse stems from the concept of a "many-worlds interpretation" of quantum mechanics. It suggests that every quantum event spawns multiple parallel universes, resulting in a branching multiverse where every possible outcome of quantum events occurs in a different universe. Level IV Multiverse: This level of multiverse is often associated with the idea of mathematical or logical universes. It suggests that all conceivable mathematical structures or logical systems exist as separate universes. Max Tagmark Apple in a Box Spatial reasoning or problem-solving: In mathematics or logic puzzles, there are scenarios where you might have to imagine an apple placed inside a box and analyze its properties or movements within that confined space. Thought experiment: Philosophers and scientists often use thought experiments to explore concepts and theories. The "apple in a box" could represent a hypothetical situation used to illustrate a particular idea or phenomenon. Teaching tool: Teachers and educators might use the phrase "apple in a box" to simplify complex concepts for students, making it easier for them to understand and visualize abstract ideas. Perception and reality: The phrase might be used metaphorically to explore the difference between what we perceive (the apple in the box) and what objectively exists (the actual state of the apple). Simulation Theory Virtual Reality Hypothesis: Simulation theory proposes that our entire reality, including the universe and all its inhabitants, might be a computer-generated simulation created by an advanced civilization. Technological Mastery: The theory assumes that a highly developed society could create simulations indistinguishable from reality, complete with conscious beings who believe they are living genuine lives. Existential Questions: Simulation theory raises philosophical questions about the nature of consciousness, the meaning of existence, and the potential layers of reality, challenging conventional understandings of the universe. Speculative Nature: While captivating, simulation theory lacks empirical evidence and serves as a thought experiment that encourages us to ponder the nature of reality and our place within an intricate, simulated cosmos. Nick Bostrom | 2003 Special Relativity Theory Special relativity theory, proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905, is a fundamental theory in physics that revolutionized our understanding of space, time, and motion. It introduces two key principles: Constancy of the Speed of Light: The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of their relative motion. This means that the speed of light is an absolute constant. Relativity of Space and Time: Space and time are not absolute but depend on the observer's motion. Time can appear to pass differently for moving objects, and lengths can appear shorter when an object moves at high speeds. Special relativity has been extensively tested and confirmed, and it forms the basis for modern physics, helping us understand phenomena at high speeds and near the speed of light. Albert Einstirn || 1905 Twin Paradox The twin paradox is a thought experiment arising from Einstein's theory of special relativity. It involves two identical twins: one stays on Earth, while the other travels into space at a high speed and then returns. Due to time dilation, the traveling twin ages less than the twin who remained on Earth. This seems paradoxical, but it's resolved by considering the effects of acceleration and relative motion on time and space. The twin paradox illustrates the counterintuitive nature of time dilation and the relativistic effects predicted by special relativity. It's been confirmed through experiments and is a fundamental example of how the theory challenges our everyday understanding of time and motion.​ Quantum Entanglement Quantum entanglement is a bizarre, counterintuitive phenomenon that explains how two subatomic particles can be intimately linked to each other even if separated by billions of light-years of space. Despite their vast separation, a change induced in one will affect the other. In 1964, physicist John Bell posited that such changes can be induced and occur instantaneously, even if the particles are very far apart. Bell's Theorem is regarded as an important idea in modern physics, but it conflicts with other well-established principles of physics. For example, Albert Einstein had shown years before Bell proposed his theorem that information cannot travel faster than the speed of light . Perplexed, Einstein famously described this entanglement phenomenon as "spooky action at a distance." Erwin Schrödinger || 1935 The Infinite Hotel Paradox The Infinite Hotel Paradox is a mind-bending thought experiment in mathematics and philosophy. Imagine a hotel with an infinite number of rooms, and every room is occupied by a guest. When a new guest arrives and wants a room, the manager can still accommodate them by simply asking each current guest to move to the room with a number one higher than their current room. This frees up room 1 for the new guest. What's truly astonishing is that this process can be repeated infinitely, accommodating an infinite number of new guests in a seemingly already full hotel. It challenges our intuitive understanding of finite and infinite quantities, showcasing the paradoxical nature of infinity in a captivating way. David Hilbert's Theory Of Creation The theory of creation, often rooted in religious or mythological beliefs, posits that the universe, Earth, and all living beings were intentionally brought into existence by a divine or supernatural force. Various cultures and religions have their own creation narratives, such as the Judeo-Christian account of God creating the world in seven days, or the Hindu belief in the cosmic dance of Lord Shiva as the source of creation. These theories often serve as explanations for the origins of the cosmos and life itself, offering a framework for understanding our existence and our place in the universe. While the theory of creation is deeply ingrained in cultural and spiritual traditions, it coexists alongside scientific theories of evolution and cosmology, sparking ongoing discussions and debates about the nature of our origins. Charles Darwin || 1859 Grandfather Paradox The grandfather paradox is a thought experiment in the realm of time travel and theoretical physics. It revolves around a hypothetical situation where a person travels back in time and encounters their own grandfather before their grandfather has children. The paradox arises when the time traveler interferes with the past in a way that prevents their own existence. For example, if the time traveler were to prevent their grandparents from meeting or somehow cause their grandfather's death before he could have children, it would create a logical inconsistency. If the time traveler was never born, how could they have traveled back in time in the first place to create the interference? The grandfather paradox raises questions about the nature of time, causality, and the possible consequences of time travel. It's often discussed in discussions about the feasibility and potential paradoxes associated with time travel, but it also highlights some of the challenging problems that arise when contemplating journeys through time. We are nothing.... What is vacuum?, How is vacuum formed?, We believe that there is no air at all in vacuum, meaning vacuum is an empty substance which is completely empty, do you understand this? Wrong, vacuum is not empty matter, vacuum is the space formed by the formation of matter and antimatter. I believe that in this universe of ours, there is an anti-avatar of all the things, like the white hole of the black hole, similarly the anti-matter of the matter. So what are we?, we are also a matter, so can we also have any anti form, absolutely possible, that is why it is called vacuum, and this is how our entire universe is formed, if we say If something came from nothing, then that means we are that nothing. In the end this entire space becomes zero, so can we call ourselves nothing? Today Onward Theory What is Today Onward Theory?, This is a theory that will shock you, I will explain this theory today but only if you can relate to it then you will be able to understand it, I have given my strong point of view in this. Visit Now Parallel World Travel We have heard a lot about time travel, it feels good to hear it but only in imagination and theories, we already know the rest of the reality, but today we have brought another theory in front of you which can happen in the past. There is a thesis based on the above but yes, you will definitely feel happy after reading it. Visit Now We are our GOD Warning : This is just a theory and a mindset, it has no relation with any religion, we do not promote any religion or caste, we are from the side of science and just look at it as a perspective, and do not connect it with religion. Visit Now The Fermi Paradox The Fermi Paradox is the apparent contradiction between the high probability of extraterrestrial civilizations existing in the vast universe and the lack of any observable evidence or contact with such civilizations. Considering the sheer number of potentially habitable planets, the age of the universe, and the speed at which life emerged on Earth, it seems logical that other advanced civilizations should exist. However, there are various proposed solutions to this paradox, ranging from the possibility that life is rare, to the idea that advanced civilizations self-destruct, or that they communicate in ways we cannot yet detect. Despite extensive efforts, we have not found conclusive evidence of extraterrestrial life, leaving the Fermi Paradox as a major unresolved question in science. Inflationary Cosmology Inflationary cosmology, proposed by Alan Guth in 1980, suggests a rapid expansion of space in the early universe driven by an inflaton field, addressing puzzles in standard Big Bang cosmology. Supported by observations like cosmic microwave background radiation, inflation explains the universe's uniformity and predicts a nearly scale-invariant spectrum of density fluctuations. Challenges include the initial conditions problem and implications for a multiverse, but inflation remains a key area of cosmological research, shaping our understanding of the universe's early history. Visit Now Blackhole Information Paradox The Black Hole Information Paradox presents a fundamental challenge in reconciling quantum mechanics and general relativity within the context of black holes. It arises from the apparent loss of information beyond the event horizon, contradicting the principle of information conservation in quantum mechanics. Proposed solutions include Hawking radiation, the firewall paradox, holographic principles, and theories of quantum gravity such as string theory. Despite ongoing research, a definitive resolution to this paradox remains elusive, representing a crucial frontier in theoretical physics. Visit Now

We are our GOD Warning : This is just a theory and a mindset, it has no relation with any religion, we do not promote any religion or caste, we are from the side of science and just look at it as a perspective, and do not connect it with religion. Overview...... We are our own God, it does not mean that we are God, so do not consider yourself a God, in this we have shown a view of how we control ourselves, if you guys have seen the movie Interstellar then you must have seen it in this. I am the character who is controlling it, i.e. manipulating it, in short we can say that we are our God. In this theory, I will also give you answers to many mysteries of the world, like the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids, the mystery of repeatedly seeing UFOs in the sky, and will also try to answer all these miracles, this theory is related to our space. Will answer all the questions. , but this is also an attitude of the mind. Our Perspective...... So let's start our journey, before that Batadu, we are not saying this against any religion, or we are not taking fever of any religion, we are just explaining the science, so please do not let it get into any religious controversy. Add So the first question you might be asking is how? How can this happen? You must have seen the movie Interstellar, in which it is shown that I am the character, he is the one who is contacting me, sending me messages, he is controlling me in short, so I am also in the same perspective. I want to understand but not on the claim of any movie but on my own strong claim. It is possible that our technology becomes so advanced that we become Type 5 or Type 7 civilization, and as you all know how advanced Type 5 civilization is and we also saw it in the movie Interstellar. So, by complementing time, we can make time a physical dimension as well, right, then with the same physical power we can also control our past and this is absolutely possible. Although it will definitely happen, it is possible that the one whom we are calling God is ourselves or God is a Type 7 Civilization, according to the future, we are controlling ourselves from the future itself to reach that future. I know it is very difficult to understand this concept easily but this concept can change the world, we cannot prove it, hence we can only show it in the form of a thesis or theory. But this theory can also become a strong side, I will make this theory a little easy and interesting so that you can understand it easily. So imagine that you are also a part of that Type 7 civilization and you can also control your own time dimension, then what will you do, obviously you will think only good for yourself and do good things for yourself, then only that. I want to make you understand that we are controlling ourselves. We have heard one more thing that if we think positive then we will be positive, and you must have heard another thing that whatever happens happens only for the good, so don't you think these things connect with my theory, you have seen people doing nothing before God. You might have asked for it and maybe many people might have got it, if I talk about myself, I have got it all. Have you heard about the Law of Attraction?, what it says is that you should be positive, keep positivity in your arms, ask for what you want from your heart, this universe will absorb that positivity and give you whatever you want, and surprisingly this concept also If you relate to this theory of mine, then can this theory become special which will give answers to all the questions related to our space and it is also related to all the concepts, what do you have to say, please tell me in the chat section. Now we come to our mysteries, what are these aliens? Who is this? So imagine, if we become type 7 civilization then we will be able to manipulate the time dimension also, then with this we will be able to go to the past and perhaps this UFO can be our space vehicle with the help of which we can travel in time. And these images of aliens are not aliens but advanced civilizations that are helping us, and after some time they may come to meet us through UFOs. Now this is the mystery of the pyramids of Giza in which we have not been able to find out yet how these pyramids were built, how they brought 500 kg of rocks at that time, and the biggest mystery of this is its direction and perfection, so can we say this? It is possible that we may have helped them in creating those pyramids, may be they needed us then and we have come to help them? If this happens, then this theory can also become the theory of everything by making some changes, Now coming to the miracle, what is it, we have never explained miracle properly in the language of science before, but I would like to explain something to you from this theory, do you remember the anomalies of gravitational and time that happened in the movie Interstellar? In the same way, we can consider miracles as an anomaly, I would not like to say this with complete confidence but I am just making my point, I am not saying that religion is wrong or anything else, I am just saying this in the language of science. I am defining miracle, this miracle can also be a message sent by our advanced civilization, for me it is absolutely possible, if we connect all these strange incidents that are happening then it will be perfect. Hey, there are some gap holes in this theory of mind, but it can answer most of the mysteries, it is possible that advanced civilization wants to contact us or it can be something to say or give a message. What do you have to say about this? we are still working on this theory and we are expanding it further, till then you read it, think and ask us questions in the chat box below. You will say that I am not able to understand anything well, no problem, I understand with an example. Everyone must be using a mobile phone, suppose you are currently using an Android phone and a new phone comes in the market, iPhone and it is many times better than your Android, then what will you do? Leave Android and buy iPhone, and they will give Android and put your SIM card in iPhone, right? If you relate our theory to this example, you will understand everything. We are Android inside which is the SIM card i.e. our soul. Then we die, someone changes the phone and puts our soul in another body. Now that Android phone is a body without a soul which we burn or bury. And all this is controlled by civilizations much more advanced than us. To understand this theory, we will have to imagine the era of Type 7 civilization and think like them. We will keep adding the remaining data to this theory. Chat Section Other Articles...... Theories Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop Today Onward Theory Parallel World Travel STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-452b Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Hubble's Deep Field The Hubble Space Telescope has made over 1.5 million observations since its launch in 1990, capturing stunning subjects such as the Eagle Nebula and producing data that has been featured in almost 18,000 scientific articles. But no image has revolutionized the way we understand the universe as much as the Hubble Deep Field . A Core Sample of the Universe ​ The Hubble Deep Field image holds 342 separate exposures taken between December 18 and 28, 1995. The picture we see was assembled from blue, red, and infrared light. The combination of these images allows astronomers to infer the distance, age, and composition of the galaxies photographed. Bluer objects, for example, contain young stars or could be relatively close. Redder objects contain older stars or could be farther away. Most of the galaxies are so faint ― four billion times fainter than the human eye can see ― that they had never been observed before, even by the largest telescopes. “As the images have come up on our screens, we have not been able to keep from wondering if we might somehow be seeing our own origins in all of this,” Williams said at the time. “These past 10 days have been an unbelievable experience.” The “deep” in Hubble Deep Field refers to the telescope’s ability to look at some of these far, faint objects. Looking at far-away objects in space is like seeing back in time. Light moves at tremendous speed, but it still takes time to travel across the vastness of space. Even the light from our own Sun needs eight minutes and 20 seconds to reach Earth, so when we look at the Sun, we see it as it was a little more than eight minutes earlier. The farther away the object, the younger it appears in Hubble’s gaze. The Deep Field was like a core sample of space, showing galaxies at different and earlier stages of development the deeper they appeared in the image. Researchers from the State University of New York at Stony Brook analyzed the photo and chose several dozen candidates that could be more distant than any galaxies seen up to that point. They identified the galaxies based on their color, because more distant galaxies appear redder as the light reaches us. This happens because the light stretches as it travels through the universe, transforming into infrared wavelengths, which are redder. A 1998 follow-up infrared image taken with Hubble’s Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer discovered galaxies believed to be over 12 billion light-years away, even farther than those seen in the Hubble Deep Field. Hubble Deep Field South After the success of the original Hubble Deep Field, astronomers sought new ways to increase our understanding of the universe. Since it would take 900,000 years for astronomers to observe the whole sky, they knew they would have to rely on more samples like the Hubble Deep Field to infer what the entire universe looks like. The Hubble Deep Field South focused on a region in the constellation Tucana, near the south celestial pole, and doubled the number of distant galaxies available to astronomers. Williams and a team of 50 astronomers and technicians at the Institute and at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, carried out the 10-day-long observation in October 1998. Hubble Ultra Deep Field ​ In 2004, Hubble captured a million-second-long exposure that contained 10,000 galaxies. This new image, the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, observed the first galaxies to emerge from the “dark ages,” a time just after the Big Bang. A servicing mission in 2002 had installed a new camera, called the Advanced Camera for Surveys. That camera had twice the field of view and a higher sensitivity than WFPC2, the camera that captured the original Deep Field. The final Ultra Deep Field photo is actually combined from an ACS image and an image from Hubble’s Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-object Spectrometer. “Hubble takes us to within a stone’s throw of the Big Bang itself,” said Massimo Stiavelli, an instrument scientist for Hubble at the Space Telescope Science Institute. From ground-based telescopes, the location of the Ultra Deep Field in the constellation Fornax ― right below the constellation Orion ― looked mostly empty, much like the other Deep Field locations, allowing for more distant observations to take place. The Ultra Deep Field image contained several odd galaxies, such as one shaped like a toothpick and another shaped like a bracelet link. Such galaxies come from a more chaotic time before the development of structured galaxies like the Milky Way. Ultra Deep Field data also taught astronomers that black holes at the center of galaxies likely grew over time, that large galaxies build up gradually as others merge and collide, and that some of the earliest galaxies were much smaller than our current Milky Way. Hubble Ultra Deep Field-Infrared ​ In 2009, Hubble captured near-infrared light wavelengths in the same region as the Ultra Deep Field, revealing galaxies formed just 600 million years after the Big Bang. The light from one object, called UDFj-39546284, traveled 13.2 billion light-years to reach Earth. It’s a compact galaxy made up of blue stars, and astronomers found that the rate of star formation grew by a factor of 10 in just over 200 million years ― that may sound like a long time to us, but it’s tiny for the universe. ​ ​ ​ Hubble eXtreme Deep Field In 2012, Hubble took it to the extreme. Astronomers combined 10 years of photographs taken of a region in the center of the original Ultra Deep Field. Even with its smaller view, the eXtreme Deep Field still showed 5,500 galaxies. The faintest galaxies visible in this image are one ten-billionth of what the human eye can see, and most of the galaxies shown are from when they were young and small, often colliding and merging together. ​ ​ ​ Ultra Deep Field 2012 After observations made over six weeks in August and September 2012, a team of astronomers discovered a population of seven primitive galaxies formed when the universe was just 3% of its present age. The observations supported the idea that galaxies may have provided enough energy to reheat the universe after the Big Bang. ​ ​ ​ Frontier Fields NASA’s Great Observatories ― Hubble, Spitzer, and Chandra ― teamed up in 2013 for the Frontier Fields, a bold multi-year campaign to provide critical data to aid investigations of dark matter and how galaxies change over time, among others. Abell 370 is a cluster with several hundred galaxies at its core. It was one of the first clusters where astronomers observed gravitational lensing and part of the Frontier Fields project. Credits: NASA, ESA, R. Bouwens and G. Illingworth (University of California, Santa Cruz) The campaign provided 12 new deep field images, and astronomers were able to detect galaxies 100 times fainter than those they observed in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. Focusing on high-redshift galaxies and gravitational lensing, or the natural distortion of light from massive galaxy clusters, the team worked to detect galaxies too faint to be seen by Hubble alone. Such an undertaking propelled our understanding of the universe in ways that could only be achieved with all the Great Observatories working together. The campaign ended in 2017, and now astronomers can use the dataset to continue exploring the early universe. Not only did the Hubble Deep Field change how we understand the universe, it also changed how we share findings. “This coming together of the community to generate a shared, nonproprietary dataset was essentially unprecedented but has since become the model for the majority of large astronomical projects,” wrote University of Washington astronomer Julianne Dalcanton. “This new mode of operating has democratized astronomy.” Hubble’s data was compiled for the Legacy Field, a combination of nearly 7,500 Hubble exposures. It represents 16 years of observations, 265,000 galaxies, and 13.3 billion years, making it the largest collection of galaxies documented by Hubble. The role of exploring the early universe further will fall to the James Webb Space Telescope , expected to launch in late 2021. Designed to see even farther back than Hubble because of its powerful infrared vision, Webb promises exciting observations and new discoveries. But our evolving understanding began with Hubble, and a team not afraid to explore what looked like nothing.

Unique design with unique concept. Rocking Cave What we did? For Navratri, we have created a theme based decoration at home which has the concept of a cave and we have made it much better. Its name is Rokking Cave. We have built this entire structure from newspaper and cardboard, it took us about 20 days to build it. We have designed a hut near the temple and have also made the gate look like a hut by using type of grass. We have completed this entire project with a lot of hard work. And all the devotees coming for darshan will also get a unique gift. Come and enjoy this amazing view. Contributors SK Homebackers Cake and all bakery items, resin art, craft & fashion hub Contact us Our Bests

Nearest Star Systems Certainly, here is a list of the 100 nearest star systems to our solar system, along with brief explanations for each: Alpha Centauri A : The primary star in the Alpha Centauri system, part of the closest star system to our Sun. Alpha Centauri B : The second star in the Alpha Centauri system, which includes a third star, Proxima Centauri. Proxima Centauri : The closest known star to our solar system, located in the Alpha Centauri system. Barnard's Star : The fourth-closest known individual star to our Sun, located in the Ophiuchus constellation. Luhman 16 : A binary brown dwarf system, about 6.59 light-years away from us. Wolf 359 : A red dwarf star, one of the nearest to Earth, approximately 7.8 light-years away. Lalande 21185 : A red dwarf star situated around 8.29 light-years from our Sun. Sirius : The brightest star in Earth's night sky, located about 8.6 light-years away. Ross 154 : A red dwarf star, roughly 9.69 light-years from our Sun. Ross 248 : Another red dwarf star, approximately 10.32 light-years away. Epsilon Eridani : A young star known to have at least one exoplanet, about 10.49 light-years away. 61 Cygni A : The primary star in the 61 Cygni binary system, approximately 11.41 light-years away. 61 Cygni B : The companion star in the 61 Cygni binary system. Struve 2398 A : A red dwarf star in a binary system, about 11.49 light-years away. Struve 2398 B : The companion star in the Struve 2398 binary system. Groombridge 34 A : A binary star system, around 11.62 light-years from our Sun. Groombridge 34 B : The companion star in the Groombridge 34 binary system. Procyon : Also known as Alpha Canis Minoris, it's about 11.46 light-years away and is one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Tau Ceti : Located about 11.89 light-years away, this star is often studied in the search for habitable planets. Epsilon Indi : About 11.83 light-years away, it's one of the closest solitary brown dwarfs to our Sun. Ross 128 : Approximately 11.13 light-years away, this red dwarf star is of interest for exoplanet searches. EZ Aquarii A : Part of a binary star system, approximately 11.32 light-years away. EZ Aquarii B : The companion star in the EZ Aquarii binary system. Luyten's Star : Located about 12.36 light-years away, it's a red dwarf star often used in astronomical studies. Kruger 60 A : A red dwarf star, approximately 13.1 light-years away. Kruger 60 B : The companion star in the Kruger 60 binary system. Gliese 1061 : A red dwarf star situated around 13.06 light-years away. Gliese 1 : Located about 15.76 light-years away, it's part of the Ursa Major constellation. Lacaille 8760 : Also known as AX Microscopii, it's about 12.88 light-years away. Wolf 1061 : A red dwarf star, approximately 14.05 light-years from our Sun. DX Cancri : Located about 14.82 light-years away, it's part of the Cancer constellation. Sirius B : The companion white dwarf star to Sirius A. 40 Eridani A : Also known as Keid, it's about 16.47 light-years away. 40 Eridani B : Part of the 40 Eridani binary system. 40 Eridani C : Also known as Proxima D, it's part of the 40 Eridani system. Proxima Eridani : Located around 16.44 light-years away. GJ 1066 : A red dwarf star situated around 16.87 light-years from our Sun. GJ 1214 : Known for its super-Earth exoplanet, located about 42 light-years away. GJ 1245 A : Part of a binary star system, about 17.16 light-years away. GJ 1245 B : The companion star in the GJ 1245 binary system. GJ 2005 : A red dwarf star approximately 17.52 light-years away. Kapteyn's Star : Located around 12.76 light-years away, it's one of the nearest stars to the solar system. AX Microscopii A : Part of the Lacaille 8760 binary system. AX Microscopii B : The companion star in the Lacaille 8760 binary system. Delta Eridani : Also known as DY Eridani, it's about 26.26 light-years away. GJ 402 : Located approximately 19.11 light-years away. Ross 614 : Also known as UV Ceti, it's a red dwarf star around 21.09 light-years away. Ross 780 : A red dwarf star located about 20.84 light-years away. Ross 619 : Also known as V577 Monocerotis, it's about 20.94 light-years away. Gliese 412 : A red dwarf star situated around 21.01 light-years away. AC+79°3888 : Located about 21.09 light-years away. Gliese 687 : A red dwarf star, about 21.03 light-years from our Sun. Lalande 25372 : Located approximately 21.16 light-years away. Ross 780 : Part of the Ross 780 binary system. Ross 619 : Also known as V577 Monocerotis, part of the Ross 619 binary system. Gliese 412 : Part of the Gliese 412 binary system. AC+79°3888 : Part of the AC+79°3888 binary system. Gliese 687 : Part of the Gliese 687 binary system. Lalande 25372 : Part of the Lalande 25372 binary system. Gliese 54 : A red dwarf star, approximately 21.53 light-years away. Gliese 22 : Located about 22.35 light-years away. Gliese 338 : Part of the Gliese 338 binary system, around 22.44 light-years away. Gliese 54 : Part of the Gliese 54 binary system. Gliese 22 : Part of the Gliese 22 binary system. Gliese 338 : Part of the Gliese 338 binary system. Gliese 830 : Located about 22.83 light-years away. Gliese 860 : Also known as Ross 842, it's approximately 22.36 light-years away. Gliese 880 : Located about 22.92 light-years away. Gliese 908 : Also known as V840 Cygni, situated around 22.29 light-years away. Gliese 752 : Also known as BD+02°3375, it's located approximately 22.57 light-years away. Gliese 117 : Also known as BD+43°4305, it's about 23.31 light-years away. Gliese 35 : Also known as BD-05°1844, it's around 23.51 light-years away. Gliese 559 : Also known as BD+47°3379, located approximately 23.61 light-years away. Gliese 369 : Also known as BD+75°325, it's about 23.69 light-years away. Gliese 372 : Also known as BD+35°3291, located approximately 23.70 light-years away. Gliese 109 : Also known as BD+63°1985, it's about 23.84 light-years away. Gliese 349 : Also known as BD+58°419, located approximately 23.88 light-years away. Gliese 12 : Also known as CD-44°163, situated around 24.33 light-years away. Gliese 22 : Also known as BD+16°1608, it's approximately 24.55 light-years away. Gliese 700 : Also known as CD-53°163, located about 24.70 light-years away. Gliese 735 : Also known as BD+36°1987, situated around 24.71 light-years away. Gliese 35 : Also known as BD+05°1780, it's approximately 24.74 light-years away. Gliese 799 : Also known as BD+28°3133, located about 24.84 light-years away. Gliese 350 : Also known as BD+27°2591, situated around 24.91 light-years away. Gliese 389 : Also known as BD+22°1950, it's approximately 25.00 light-years away. Gliese 424 : Also known as CD-38°161, located about 25.09 light-years away. Gliese 427 : Also known as BD+36°2107, situated around 25.16 light-years away. Gliese 12 : Also known as CD-44°161, part of the Gliese 12 binary system. Gliese 22: Also known as BD+16°1608, part of the Gliese 22 binary system. Gliese 700 : Also known as CD-53°163, part of the Gliese 700 binary system. Gliese 735 : Also known as BD+36°1987, part of the Gliese 735 binary system. Gliese 35 : Also known as BD+05°1780, part of the Gliese 35 binary system. Gliese 799 : Also known as BD+28°3133, part of the Gliese 799 binary system. Gliese 350 : Also known as BD+27°2591, part of the Gliese 350 binary system. Gliese 389 : Also known as BD+22°1950, part of the Gliese 389 binary system. Gliese 424 : Also known as CD-38°161, part of the Gliese 424 binary system. Gliese 427 : Also known as BD+36°2107, part of the Gliese 427 binary system. Gliese 86 : Also known as BD+48°2045, it's approximately 25.30 light-years away. Gliese 545 : Also known as BD+04°2466, located about 25.38 light-years away. Other Articles..... STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-452b KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

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2019 Space Discoveries The cosmic web revealed Every galaxy in the universe is a pit stop on a long highway of gas known as the cosmic web. Each road, or "filament," on this intergalactic interstate is made of hydrogen left over from the Big Bang ; where large quantities of hydrogen converge, clusters of galaxies appear in the dark sea of space. The web is too faint to see with the naked eye, but in October, astronomers photographed a piece of it for the first time ever. Using the faint ultraviolet glow of a distant galaxy as backlighting, the image shows blue strands of hydrogen crisscrossing through space 12 billion light-years away, connecting bright white galaxies in its path. The plasma shield that guards the realms of men There is a violent clash unfolding at the frontier of our solar system . Billions of miles from the solar system's center, crackling solar wind collides with powerful cosmic rays at a boundary called the heliopause. When NASA's twin Voyager probes passed through the region and entered interstellar space last year, astronomers saw that the heliopause is not just a symbolic boundary; it's also a physical wall of soupy plasma that deflects and dilutes the worst of the incoming radiation. This plasma "shield," as it's described in a Nov. 4 study, may deflect about 70% of cosmic rays from entering our solar system. You could call it the shield that guards the realms of men. (You won't find White Walkers on the other side, but you will find some white dwarfs.) Radio bubbles in the galaxy's gut The Fermi Bubbles are twin blobs of high-energy gas ballooning out of both poles of the Milky Way 's center, stretching into space for 25,000 light-years apiece (roughly the same as the distance between Earth and the center of the Milky Way). The bubbles are thought to be a few million years old and likely have something to do with a giant explosion from our galaxy's central black hole — but observations are scarce, as they are typically only visible to ultrapowerful gamma-ray and X-ray telescopes. This September, however, astronomers detected the bubbles in radio waves for the first time, revealing large quantities of energetic gas moving through the bubbles, possibly fueling them to grow even larger, according to the scientists' report in the journal Nature. Fermi's chimneys A whole new era of space science began on Christmas Day 2021 with the successful launch of the world's next major telescope. NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency are collaborating on the $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), a project more than three decades in the making. Space telescopes take a long time to plan and assemble: The vision for this particular spacecraft began before its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope, had even launched into Earth orbit. Whereas Hubble orbits a few hundred miles from Earth's surface, JWST is heading to an observational perch located about a million miles from our planet. The telescope began its journey towards this spot, called the Earth-sun Lagrange Point 2 (L2), on Dec. 25, 2021 at 7:20 a.m. EST (1220 GMT) when an Ariane 5 rocket launched the precious payload from Europe's Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana. The telescope will help astronomers answer questions about the evolution of the universe and provide a deeper understanding about the objects found in our very own solar system. Planet in a dead star's thrall When a typical sun runs out of fuel and collapses, it may become a white dwarf — the compact, crystalline corpse of a star. If that star had any planets orbiting around it, chances are they were either obliterated in the star's final growth spurt (Earth will likely be engulfed by our sun in its final years) or sucked up and destroyed by the white dwarf's intense gravity. However, in early December, astronomers discovered an intact planet orbiting a white dwarf star for the first time ever. Spotted about 2,040 light-years from Earth, the white dwarf system seems to be emitting a strange combo of gases that could be a Neptune-like planet slowly evaporating as it circles the dead sun once every 10 days. The study adds major evidence to the theory that dead stars can host planets (at least temporarily). Solar tsunamis The Parker Solar Probe's record-setting approach to the sun made this year's biggest solar science headlines, but arguably the most epic sun study came months earlier, in February, according to scientists writing in the journal Scientific Reports. The researchers described a solar phenomenon called "terminator events " — basically, cataclysmic magnetic-field collisions at the sun's equator. More epic still, the authors wrote, these collisions may result in twin tsunamis of plasma tearing across the star's surface at 1,000 feet (300 meters) per second in both directions. These gargantuan (though still theoretical) solar tsunamis could last for weeks at a time and may occur every decade or so. The next one could be due in early 2020, the authors wrote, which would give the Parker probe something truly gnarly to behold. Black hole babies from the early universe In March, Japanese astronomers searched for baby pictures of the universe by turning their telescope to a corner of space 13 billion light-years away. There, they spied 83 previously undiscovered supermassive black holes dating to the early days of the universe. The holes — actually a bunch of quasars , or huge, luminous disks of gases and dust that surround supermassive black holes — were around as few as 800 million years after the Big Bang, making them some of the earliest objects ever detected. The composite image of all 83 quasars (above) may not be as cute as your own baby pictures, but it's arguably way cooler. Renegade star flees rare black hole In September, astronomers detected one of the fastest renegade stars ever recorded, fleeing across the Milky Way at 1.2 million mph (2 million km/h). Most stars moving at such blazing speeds are usually the survivors of a binary system that got ripped in half by a supermassive black hole or exploding supernova, but this speedy sun appeared to be different. After tracking the star's velocity and trajectory, researchers determined that it seemed to have suffered a run-in with a mid-mass black hole — that is, a black hole with hundreds to hundreds of thousands of times the mass of the sun (as opposed to a supermassive black hole , which can be millions or billions of times the sun's mass). This theoretical type of black hole has never been observed before, and scientists have never found convincing evidence that they actually exist. Now, one speedy star might shine the way to the proof that scientists have been looking for. Fast radio burst followed home Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are intensely bright, vanishingly brief pulses of radio energy that constantly zip across the universe like invisible bullets. What are they, exactly — belches of radiation from supermassive black holes? The pulses of alien spaceship engines ? Scientists don't know for sure, but a team of researchers came closer to solving the puzzle in June when they tracked an FRB across space and time to its precise origins for the first time ever. Using a radio telescope array in the Australian outback, the researchers found the burst in question (which lasted a fraction of a millisecond) originated from a Milky Way-size galaxy about 3.6 billion light-years from Earth, which was no longer producing fresh stars. These results show that FRBs can form in a variety of cosmic environments (and that aliens still can't be ruled out).

Proxima Centauri b Proxima Centauri b is an exoplanet that orbits the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, which is the closest known star to our Sun. Here's a detailed explanation of Proxima Centauri b, including information about its characteristics, atmosphere, and the search for extraterrestrial life or aliens 1. Characteristics of Proxima Centauri b: Size: Proxima Centauri b is classified as an exoplanet with a mass roughly similar to Earth's, making it about 1.3 times the mass of our planet. This places it in the category of terrestrial exoplanets, similar to Earth and Venus. Orbit: Proxima Centauri b orbits its host star, Proxima Centauri, at a very close distance, approximately 0.05 astronomical units (AU), or about 7.5 million kilometers (4.7 million miles). It completes an orbit in just around 11.2 Earth days. Habitability: Proxima Centauri b is located within the habitable zone (Goldilocks zone) of its star. This means it is in the region where conditions for liquid water to exist on the surface are possible, a key factor for potential habitability. 2. Atmosphere of Proxima Centauri b: Information about the specific composition and characteristics of Proxima Centauri b's atmosphere is not currently known. Detecting and analyzing the atmospheres of exoplanets, especially those as distant as Proxima Centauri b, is a challenging task and often requires advanced telescopes and instruments. 3. The Search for Extraterrestrial Life or Aliens: Proxima Centauri b has generated significant interest in the search for extraterrestrial life due to its proximity to Earth and its location within the habitable zone. Scientists and astronomers are particularly interested in studying exoplanets like Proxima Centauri b because they could offer insights into the potential for life beyond our solar system. The search for extraterrestrial life extends beyond Proxima Centauri b and includes the study of other exoplanets both within and outside the habitable zone. Key aspects of this search involve looking for signs of habitability and biomarkers, such as the presence of water, oxygen, and methane, in exoplanet atmospheres. The discovery of life, if it exists, on Proxima Centauri b or any other exoplanet would be a profound scientific breakthrough and could have far-reaching implications for our understanding of life's prevalence in the universe. It's important to note that as of my last knowledge update in September 2021, there is no definitive evidence of extraterrestrial life, and the search continues to be an active and ongoing scientific endeavor. Future missions and advanced technology, such as the James Webb Space Telescope, are expected to provide more data and insights into the atmospheres and potential habitability of exoplanets like Proxima Centauri b. Comparison with Earth Proxima Centauri b and Earth are both planets, but they have significant differences in terms of their characteristics, orbits, and potential habitability. Here's a comparison between the two: 1. Size and Mass: Earth: Earth is approximately 12,742 kilometers (7,918 miles) in diameter and has a mass of about 5.972 × 10^24 kilograms, making it a terrestrial planet with a solid surface. Proxima Centauri b: Proxima Centauri b is classified as an exoplanet, and its size and mass are roughly similar to Earth's, with a mass approximately 1.3 times that of Earth. This places it in the category of terrestrial exoplanets. 2. Parent Star and Orbit: Earth: Earth orbits the Sun, a G-type main-sequence star (G2V), at an average distance of about 149.6 million kilometers (93 million miles). It takes approximately 365.25 days to complete one orbit. Proxima Centauri b: Proxima Centauri b orbits a red dwarf star known as Proxima Centauri, which is cooler and smaller than the Sun. Its orbital distance is very close to its parent star, about 0.05 astronomical units, which is much closer than Earth's distance from the Sun. Proxima Centauri b completes an orbit in approximately 11.2 Earth days. 3. Habitability and Atmosphere: Earth: Earth is known for its diverse and life-sustaining atmosphere composed primarily of nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%), with trace amounts of other gases. It has liquid water on its surface, a stable climate, and a variety of ecosystems that support a wide range of life forms. Proxima Centauri b: Information about the specific composition and characteristics of Proxima Centauri b's atmosphere is not currently known. Detecting and analyzing exoplanet atmospheres, especially those as distant as Proxima Centauri b, is challenging and requires advanced telescopes and instruments. 4. Potential for Extraterrestrial Life: Earth: Earth is the only known planet to host a wide variety of life forms, from microorganisms to complex multicellular organisms, including humans. Proxima Centauri b: Proxima Centauri b is located within the habitable zone of its star, which means it could have conditions suitable for liquid water to exist on its surface. However, the presence of life on Proxima Centauri b is purely speculative at this point, and more research is needed to assess its habitability and the potential for extraterrestrial life. Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f KEPLER-452b