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Hubble's Planetary Discoveries This is your About Page. It's a great opportunity to give a full background on who you are, what you do and what your website has to offer. Double click on the text box to start editing your content and make sure to add all the relevant details you want to share with site visitors. Watching the weather patterns on the giant outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) has been an ongoing activity throughout Hubble’s lifetime. Jupiter's monster storm, the Great Red Spot, was once so large that three Earths would fit inside it. But new measurements by Hubble reveal that the largest storm in our solar system has downsized significantly. The Red Spot, which has been raging for at least a hundred years, is now only the width of one Earth. The storm images were taken in 1995, 2009, and 2014. The images were taken with Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (1995) and Wide Field Camera 3. The large Wide Field Camera 2 image of Jupiter was obtained in 2007, with its moon, Ganymede, just emerging from behind the planet. The semi-major axis of Jupiter's orbit about the Sun is 5.2 astronomical units (483 million miles or 778 million km). The planet has a diameter of roughly 88,789 miles (142,984 km) at the equator. This image of Europa is derived from a global surface map generated from combined NASA Voyager and Galileo space probe observations. The graphic shows the location of water vapor detected over Europa's south pole by Hubble in December 2012. The Hubble observations provide the best evidence to date of water plumes erupting off Europa's surface. Hubble didn't photograph plumes, so the plume and the illustration in the center are artist’s conceptions. However, Hubble observers used the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph to spectroscopically detect auroral emissions from oxygen and hydrogen. The aurora is powered by Jupiter's magnetic field. This is only the second moon in the solar system found ejecting water vapor from the frigid surface. Another of Jupiter’s moons, Ganymede, is also likely to have a subsurface ocean. Europa is the sixth closest Jovian moon. It is the smallest of the four Jovian satellites discovered by Galileo Galilei, but still the sixth largest moon in the Solar System. Europa was discovered by Galileo in 1610. Images taken in ultraviolet light by Hubble’s Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) show both Jupiter auroras in 1998, the oval-shaped objects in the inset photos. Ground-based telescopes cannot view these phenomena in ultraviolet light, as it is blocked by the Earth’s atmosphere. Auroras are curtains of light resulting from high-energy electrons racing along the planet's magnetic field into the upper atmosphere. The electrons excite atmospheric gases, causing them to glow. The electric-blue image of Jupiter’s northern aurora shows the main oval of the aurora, which is centered on the magnetic north pole, plus more diffuse emissions inside the polar cap. Though the aurora resembles the same phenomenon that crowns Earth's polar regions, the blue Hubble image shows unique emissions from the magnetic "footprints" of three of Jupiter's largest moons. (These points are reached by following Jupiter's magnetic field from each satellite down to the planet). Jupiter has at least 68 moons. Auroral footprints can be seen in this image from Io (along the left-hand limb), Ganymede (near the center), and Europa (just below and to the right of Ganymede's auroral footprint). These emissions, produced by electric currents generated by the satellites, flow along Jupiter's magnetic field, bouncing in and out of the upper atmosphere. They are unlike anything seen on Earth. This ultraviolet image of Jupiter was taken with the Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) on November 26, 1998. In this ultraviolet view, the aurora stands out clearly, but Jupiter's cloud structure is masked by haze. Saturn’s aurora was observed with Hubble in 2005. Images were obtained with the Advanced Camera for Surveys in the optical and STIS in the ultraviolet. The aurora appeared in Saturn’s southern polar region for several days. Hubble snapped a series of photographs of the aurora dancing in the sky. The snapshots show that Saturn's auroras differ in character from day to day -- as they do on Earth -- moving around on some days and remaining stationary on others. But compared with Earth, where auroral storms develop in about 10 minutes and may last for a few hours, Saturn's auroral displays always appear bright and may last for several days. Recently, NASA’s New Horizons mission imaged Pluto and two of its moons, Nix and Hydra, which were discovered by Hubble in 2005. Peering out to the dim, outer reaches of our solar system beyond Pluto, Hubble uncovered three Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) that the agency's New Horizons spacecraft could potentially visit after it flies by Pluto in July 2015. The KBOs were detected through a dedicated Hubble observing program by a New Horizons search team that was awarded telescope time for this purpose. The lower set of Pluto images shows Hubble Space Telescope data from the Advanced Camera for Surveys exhibiting an icy, mottled, dark molasses-colored world undergoing seasonal surface color and brightness changes. Pluto has become significantly redder, while its illuminated northern hemisphere is getting brighter. These changes are most likely consequences of surface ice melting on the sunlit pole and then refreezing on the other pole, as the dwarf planet heads into the next phase of its 248-year-long seasonal cycle. Analysis shows the dramatic change in color took place from 2000 to 2002. Note that Hubble found four of Pluto’s five moons – Nix, Hydra, Styx and Kerberos. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2014/47/full/ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/solar-system/pluto/2010/06/ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/solar-system/pluto/2012/32/ and related links http://www.nasa.gov/nh_new-horizons-spots-small-moons-orbiting-pluto/#.VPnlP2TF_b4 http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/ ​ Other outer solar system objects: Eris is 1.27 times the mass of Pluto, and formerly the largest member of the Kuiper Belt of icy objects beyond Neptune. Hubble observations in 2006 showed that Eris is slightly physically larger than Pluto. But the mass could only be calculated by observing the orbital motion of the moon Dysnomia around Eris. Multiple images of Dysnomia's movement along its orbit were taken by Hubble and Keck. ​ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/solar%20system/2007/24/image/c/format/web/ Also in 2002, Hubble measured a large object discovered in the outer solar system. It was the largest outer solar system object discovered since Pluto and was superseded by the observation of Eris. Approximately half the size of Pluto, the icy world is called "Quaoar" (pronounced kwa-whar). Quaoar is about 4 billion miles away, more than a billion miles farther than Pluto. Like Pluto, Quaoar dwells in the Kuiper belt, an icy belt of comet-like bodies extending 7 billion miles beyond Neptune's orbit. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2002/17/ The upper image, taken by Hubble, reveals the orbital motion of the planet Fomalhaut b. Based on these observations, astronomers calculated that the planet is in a 2,000-year-long, highly elliptical orbit around its parent star, Fomalhaut. The planet will appear to cross a vast belt of debris around the star roughly 20 years from now. If the planet's orbit lies in the same plane with the belt, icy and rocky debris in the belt could crash into the planet's atmosphere. The black circle at the center of the image is caused by a device called a coronograph, which blocks out the otherwise overwhelming light from the bright star and allows reflected light from the belt and planet to be photographed. The Hubble images were taken with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph in 2010 and 2012. Fomalhaut is 25 light years (8 parsecs) away. ​ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2013/01/ The lower graphic demonstrates Hubble’s first detection ever of an organic molecule in the atmosphere of a Jupiter-sized planet orbiting another star. This breakthrough is an important step toward eventually identifying signs of life on a planet outside our solar system. The molecule found by Hubble is methane, which under the right circumstances can play a key role in prebiotic chemistry — the chemical reactions considered necessary to form life as we know it. The graphic shows a spectrum of methane with the configuration of the star and the planet (not to scale) in relation to Hubble. The object is 63 light years (19 parsecs) away. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2008/11/

Black Hole A black hole is an extremely dense region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape its grasp. It forms when a massive star collapses, creating a point called a singularity surrounded by an event horizon, beyond which nothing can return. Black holes come in various sizes, including stellar-mass and supermassive black holes. What is Black Hole and how Black Hole forms? Today we will talk about black holes, first let us know how black holes are formed, to keep a star in balance, its gravitational force pushes it inwards and the nuclear fusion taking place in its center pushes it outwards. And with the help of these two pushing forces, the star remains under control. But when the helium gas inside the star starts getting exhausted then the nuclear energy of the star gradually gets exhausted, then gradually the star becomes a red giant, at this time the fusion happening on the star which prevents the gravity from pushing it inside. The force is no longer there and due to gravity the star seems to shrink in on itself and a time comes when the center of the star cannot handle so much gas and a big explosion occurs which we call a supernova, and at the end of the supernova A black hole is formed in A black hole has so much mass that even light gets trapped in front of its gravity and it also absorbs light into itself. Black hole is the center of an infinite mass around which there is a ring like event horizon. Original image of Black hole in i.c.1, explanation of black hole formation i.c.2 i.c.1 Black Hole event horizon. i.c.1 Black Hole formation. Time travel using Black Hole? I hope you have understood what a black hole is and how it is formed. There are many more questions about black holes for which we do not have answers, what is inside a black hole?, where do things go inside a black hole?, does it have an alternative white hole?, do all these things come out of the white hole? Does it come?, Can a black hole take us to our past or make us travel through time? We have not been able to find the answer to this mystery. Suppose we have detected a black hole, yet the nearest black hole is also 1560 light years away from us! If we travel at the speed of light, it will be approximately 1560 years and we can travel in space at the speed of light. Couldn't even find any solution. So as of today it is not possible to reach a black hole. But what's the point in believing, so let's take time and even if we reach the black hole, there will be many more difficulties in front of us, which I will tell you later. You all must have seen the movie Interstellar, in which a planet is shown which is very close to the black hole and we all know that the black hole has infinite mass and its space-time curvature is also very high, meaning it is very close to the black hole. Even spending a little time is a lot of years according to Earth, it is shown in this movie that 1 hour spent on Miller's Planet is equal to 7 years on Earth. And we call this effect time dilation. But we have to go inside it, not around it, and if the black hole also pulls the light inside itself, then we will have to travel at a speed faster than the light, there is another twist in this, we will first go to the event horizon of the black hole where all the things It starts rotating around the black hole, if we can survive there then we can reach inside the black hole, but we do not even know what is inside the black hole. So if we cross all these things then we can go inside the black hole. Scientists speculate that a black hole may act like a worm hole, just like the one shown in Interstellar. If you also want such an article like Worm Hole, then subscribe to the website so that you get the notification of that article. Now you can understand how complex the black hole is and we have not been able to solve the entire mystery of the black hole yet. i.c.3 Black hole event horizon. i.c.4 Black hole curvature comparison i.c.5 Black hole time travel. Black Hole images Other Articles.... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop Parallel World Travel Age of our Universe Zombie Planets

Age of our Universe Coming Soon.......

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Hubble's Galaxy Discoveries Our Sun is just one of a vast number of stars within a galaxy called the Milky Way, which in turn is only one of the billions of galaxies in our universe. These massive cosmic neighborhoods, made up of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity, come in a variety of sizes, from dwarf galaxies containing as few as 100 million stars to giant galaxies of more than a trillion stars. Astronomers generally classify galaxies into three major categories: spiral – like our Milky Way – elliptical, and irregular. Astronomers quickly realized that Hubble had a flaw. Its mirror was slightly the wrong shape, causing the light that bounced off the center of the mirror to focus in a different place than light bouncing off the edge. This “spherical aberration,” about 1/50th the thickness of a sheet of paper, was corrected during the first servicing mission in 1993 with installation of the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR). The result was highresolution imaging as shown in the image of galaxy M100. Since then, all of Hubble’s instruments have had corrective optics built in, eventually making COSTAR unnecessary. It was removed from the telescope in 2009. ​ Hubble was upgraded four more times with improved instruments. The inset image is from Servicing Mission 1 (STS-61, Space Shuttle Endeavor) which took place in December 1993. Astronauts installed COSTAR and replaced Wide-Field Planetary Camera 1 (WFPC1) with Wide-Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2), the first instrument to have the correction built into its optics. The image shows astronauts replacing WFPC1 with WFPC2. Detailed note: The two images of the center of galaxy Messier 100 show WFPC1 and WFPC2 data and demonstrate how well Servicing Mission 1 corrected the mirror flaw. Hubble could now achieve its design specifications. The largest Hubble Space Telescope image ever assembled, this sweeping view of a portion of the Andromeda galaxy (M31) is the sharpest large composite image ever taken of our galactic neighbor. Though the galaxy is over 2 million light-years away, Hubble is powerful enough to resolve individual stars in a 61,000-light-year-long stretch of the galaxy. The Andromeda galaxy is only 2.5 million light-years from Earth, making it a much bigger target in the sky than the myriad galaxies Hubble routinely photographs that are billions of light-years away. The Hubble survey is assembled into a mosaic image using 7,398 exposures taken over 411 individual pointings. The data were taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys. The lower left inset points out the numerous types of objects seen in the image. The lower right inset is a composite made from a series of ground observations that shows the entire M31 galaxy and the portion imaged by Hubble. This 91-million pixel mosaic of the Whirlpool Galaxy (M51) was released to celebrate Hubble’s 15th anniversary. Beyond the sheer beauty of the image, the details along the spiral arms follow the progression of star formation from dark dust clouds through pink star-forming regions to blue newborn star clusters. Some astronomers believe that the Whirlpool's arms are so prominent because of the effects of a close encounter with NGC 5195, the small, yellowish galaxy at the outermost tip of one of the Whirlpool's arm. The distance to M51 is 23 million light years (7 megaparsecs). This image of the Sombrero Galaxy is one of the first large mosaics produced from the Advanced Camera for Surveys instrument. Combining data from six pointings, the full resolution image contains over 70 million pixels. The Sombrero is cataloged as Messier 104 (M104). The galaxy's hallmark is a brilliant white, bulbous core encircled by the thick dust lanes comprising the spiral structure of the galaxy. As seen from Earth, the galaxy is tilted nearly edge-on. We view it from just six degrees north of its equatorial plane. This brilliant galaxy was named the Sombrero because of its resemblance to the broad rim and high-topped Mexican hat. Sombrero is 28 million light years (9 megaparsecs) away. These two spiral galaxies started to interact a few hundred million years ago, making the Antennae galaxies one of the nearest and youngest examples of a pair of colliding galaxies. Nearly half of the faint objects in the Antennae image are young clusters containing tens of thousands of stars. The orange blobs to the left and right of image center are the two cores of the original galaxies and consist mainly of old stars criss-crossed by filaments of dust, which appear brown in the image. The two galaxies are dotted with brilliant blue star-forming regions surrounded by glowing hydrogen gas, appearing in the image in pink. The image allows astronomers to better distinguish between the stars and super star clusters created in the collision of two spiral galaxies. The Antennae are 62 million light years (19 megaparsecs) away. Galaxy interactions are not always the grand collisions seen in the Antennae galaxies. These two interacting galaxies, called the Rose Galaxy or catalog name Arp 273, have produced less pronounced distortions in each others’ shape. The larger of the spiral galaxies, known as UGC 1810, has a disk that is tidally distorted into a rose-like shape by the gravitational tidal pull of the companion galaxy below it, known as UGC 1813. A swath of blue jewels across the top is the combined light from clusters of intensely bright and hot young blue stars. These massive stars glow fiercely in ultraviolet light. The smaller, nearly edge-on companion shows distinct signs of intense star formation at its nucleus, perhaps triggered by the encounter with the companion galaxy. Some called this picture a “rose” of galaxies, with the upper galaxy as the bloom, and the lower galaxy as the stem. The pair is 340 million light years (105 megaparsecs) away.

Aditya L-1 - Exploration of SUN Unraveling the Cosmic Tapestry: Chandra X-ray Observatory's Saga ​ In the grand cosmic theater, where the universe dons its most enigmatic costumes, the Chandra X-ray Observatory stands as humanity's eye into the unseen realms. Launched by NASA in 1999, Chandra has been an unrivaled pioneer, deciphering the universe's secrets encoded in X-ray frequencies. In this comprehensive exploration, we embark on a captivating journey, unveiling the multifaceted story of Chandra – its functions, motives, structure, historic milestones, and the mesmerizing discoveries that have reshaped our understanding of the cosmos. ​ X-ray Vision: Chandra's Functions and Motive Unveiling Cosmic Hotspots Chandra's primary function is to observe high-energy X-rays emanating from celestial objects. By capturing these elusive rays, it unveils the hottest, most dynamic regions of the universe, revealing details invisible to other telescopes. ​ Decoding Stellar Life Cycles From supernova remnants to pulsars and black holes, Chandra plays a crucial role in decoding the life cycles of stellar objects. It's a cosmic detective, providing insights into the birth, evolution, and demise of stars. ​ Probing Galactic Nuclei Chandra's gaze extends to the hearts of galaxies, where supermassive black holes reside. By studying the radiation emitted from these active galactic nuclei, scientists gain essential clues about the cosmic processes at play. ​ Charting the Cosmic Web Chandra contributes to mapping the large-scale structure of the universe, uncovering the vast cosmic web formed by the distribution of hot gas between galaxies. ​ Engineering Marvel: The Structure of Chandra X-ray Observatory Mirrors of Precision Chandra's mirrors are coated with a thin layer of iridium, a choice that enhances reflectivity in the X-ray range. Nested mirrors, rather than traditional lenses, focus the incoming X-rays onto detectors with exceptional precision. Space-Resilient Design Crafted to endure the rigors of space, Chandra orbits Earth in an elliptical trajectory, minimizing interference from the planet's radiation belts. This resilient design ensures the telescope's longevity and sustained scientific contributions. Chronicles of Chandra: A Historic Journey Launch into the Unknown Chandra embarked on its cosmic odyssey aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia on July 23, 1999. Named after the astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, the telescope began its mission to unravel the mysteries of the X-ray universe. Milestones and Legacy Throughout its journey, Chandra has left an indelible mark on astrophysics. From confirming the existence of dark energy to identifying numerous neutron stars, its discoveries have rewritten the cosmic narrative. Conclusion: Chandra's Ongoing Odyssey As we reflect on the cosmic voyage of the Chandra X-ray Observatory, we recognize its indispensable role in reshaping our cosmic comprehension. The observatory continues to unravel the X-ray mysteries, painting a vivid portrait of the universe's hidden intricacies. "X-ray Pioneers" pays homage to the brilliance of Chandra – a beacon illuminating the celestial darkness, guiding us into the depths of the cosmos where new revelations await discovery. Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Zombie Planets Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1 Osiris-REx Mission Chandra X-Ray Observatory Chandrayan-3

Job Openings Research Opportunities at Spacelia Digital Media Manager We are seeking a talented individual to fill the position of Online Social Media and Data Manager. This dynamic role offers the opportunity to leverage your social media expertise and data analysis skills to develop and execute engaging online strategies. Blog Website Manager Our company is seeking a creative and analytical Blog and Website Manager to join our team. This position offers the chance to develop and manage our online presence, crafting compelling content for our website and blog while utilizing data to optimize website performance. Astrophysicist Are you passionate about unlocking the mysteries of the universe? Our company has an exciting opportunity for a brilliant astrophysicist and space researcher to join our team. In this role, you will be at the forefront of discovery, conducting cutting-edge research and contributing to our mission of furthering our understanding of the cosmos. Come Work with Us Join the Team Fill this form to work in SPACELIA, we appreciate talent and we salute young talent, so to be a SPACELIA join SPACELIA Position I'm applying for Apply Now Thanks for submitting!

The Arecibo Message In 1974, humanity took a bold step into the unknown. From the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, a powerful radio signal pierced the night sky. This wasn’t your typical astronomical observation; it was a deliberate message aimed at the vast emptiness of space, carrying a beacon of our existence. This message, known as the Arecibo message, became a landmark event in our search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). In 1974, humanity took a bold step into the unknown. From the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, a powerful radio signal pierced the night sky. This wasn’t your typical astronomical observation; it was a deliberate message aimed at the vast emptiness of space, carrying a beacon of our existence. This message, known as the Arecibo message, became a landmark event in our search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). ​ The Arecibo message wasn’t born out of a sudden alien invasion scare or a Hollywood-esque first contact mission. It was a clever piggyback on a momentous occasion. The Arecibo Observatory had just undergone a major upgrade, and scientists wanted to showcase its newfound capabilities. They designed a pictorial message containing fundamental information about humanity and Earth. ​ Imagine a cosmic postcard: The message, encoded in a binary format (1s and 0s), depicted our solar system, the numbers 1 to 10, the chemical makeup of DNA, and a stick figure representing a human. It even included a clever illustration of the Arecibo telescope itself, acting as a calling card. The target? A globular cluster called Messier 13, a dense swarm of hundreds of thousands of stars located roughly 25,000 light-years away. While the chances of encountering intelligent life there were slim, Messier 13 was a large and easily identifiable landmark in the night sky at the time of transmission. ​ The Arecibo message wasn’t meant to be a two-way conversation. Given the distance, it would take 25,000 years for the message to reach Messier 13, and another 25,000 years for a potential response to travel back. It was more of a symbolic gesture, a way to announce our presence to the universe and demonstrate our growing technological prowess. The Arecibo message sparked a wave of fascination with the possibility of extraterrestrial life. It fueled discussions about the potential dangers and rewards of interstellar communication. Some scientists, like the renowned Carl Sagan, who was involved in the message’s design, believed it was an important step in humanity’s journey of cosmic exploration. ​ The Arecibo message wasn’t the last of its kind. With advancements in technology, scientists are proposing even more sophisticated interstellar messages, some containing information about our biology, culture, and mathematics. ​ The Arecibo message serves as a reminder of our inherent human curiosity and our desire to connect with something beyond ourselves. It’s a testament to our scientific ambition and a beacon of hope, cast into the vast unknown, waiting to be discovered by those who might be listening. Chat Section If you have any question ask me here.... Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Zombie Planets Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Worm Hole Let's begin the curvature of worm hole What is a worm hole?, how are worm holes formed?, and what is the function of a worm hole?, I will tell you all this in this article today, so first let's talk about what a worm hole is, how these worm holes are made and How it works, so worm hole connects two different places in space, just like a bridge, so that we can cover long distances in a short time, as you see in the image below, worm hole space. It bends like this and we can show it as a circle and a circle is a sphere in 3D, so the worm hole is also like a sphere. By traveling in this, you can bridge the distance between two places in a very short time, but a big question is that how are worm holes formed? We have heard about black holes that they are formed after supernova, but worm holes are We do not know how they are formed, worm holes are not a natural phenomenon, we have to create them artificially. But till date we have not succeeded in creating such a big worm hole, we have definitely done this test on a very small level but it is not enough for a human being, so only some advanced civilization can do this in the future. You are controlling us and they can create a worm hole just like the interstellar movie.

Kepler's Exoplanets

KEPLER-186f Kepler-186f is an Earth-sized exoplanet located 500 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus. It orbits a red dwarf star, Kepler-186, within its habitable zone, where conditions might allow liquid water to exist. This discovery sparked interest in the search for potentially habitable exoplanets and raised questions about the possibility of extraterrestrial life beyond our solar system. However, limited data about its atmosphere and surface make it challenging to assess its true habitability. 1. Characteristics of Kepler-186f: Size: Kepler-186f is considered an Earth-sized exoplanet, with an estimated radius about 1.1 times that of Earth. This makes it one of the few exoplanets discovered at the time that was close in size to our own planet. Parent Star: Kepler-186f orbits a red dwarf star known as Kepler-186, which is cooler and smaller than our Sun. Kepler-186 is classified as an M-dwarf star. Orbit: Kepler-186f is in a relatively tight orbit around its host star, completing one orbit approximately every 130 Earth days. It receives about a third of the energy from its star compared to Earth's energy from the Sun. Habitable Zone: One of the most intriguing aspects of Kepler-186f is its location within the habitable zone (Goldilocks zone) of its star. The habitable zone is the region around a star where conditions might be suitable for liquid water to exist on the planet's surface, which is a key factor for the potential development of life as we know it. 2. Atmosphere of Kepler-186f: Information about the specific composition and characteristics of Kepler-186f's atmosphere is not currently known. Detecting and analyzing the atmospheres of exoplanets, especially those as distant as Kepler-186f, is a challenging task that often requires advanced telescopes and instruments. Detailed studies of an exoplanet's atmosphere can provide important insights into its potential habitability. 3. Potential for Extraterrestrial Life: Kepler-186f's location within the habitable zone of its star makes it an intriguing candidate for the potential existence of extraterrestrial life. The habitable zone represents the region where conditions might be right for liquid water to exist on the planet's surface, which is a crucial ingredient for life as we know it. However, the presence of liquid water alone does not guarantee the existence of life. Other factors, such as the composition of the planet's atmosphere, the presence of essential nutrients, geological activity, and the stability of the climate, also play vital roles in determining habitability. Detecting signs of life on Kepler-186f or any exoplanet is extremely challenging and would likely require advanced telescopes capable of analyzing the planet's atmosphere for biomarkers (e.g., oxygen, methane) or other potential signs of biological activity. Kepler-186f and Earth have some similarities, such as their Earth-sized classification and the fact that Kepler-186f is located within the habitable zone of its star. However, they also have several key differences. Here's a comparison between Kepler-186f and Earth: ​ 1. Size and Mass: Earth: Earth is approximately 12,742 kilometers (7,918 miles) in diameter and has a mass of about 5.972 × 10^24 kilograms. Kepler-186f: Kepler-186f is considered an Earth-sized exoplanet, with an estimated radius about 1.1 times that of Earth. Its exact mass is not precisely known but is believed to be greater than Earth. ​ 2. Parent Star and Orbit: Earth: Earth orbits the Sun, a G-type main-sequence star (G2V), at an average distance of about 149.6 million kilometers (93 million miles). It completes one orbit around the Sun in approximately 365.25 days. Kepler-186f: Kepler-186f orbits a red dwarf star known as Kepler-186, which is cooler and smaller than our Sun. Its orbit around Kepler-186 takes approximately 130 Earth days. ​ 3. Habitable Zone: Earth: Earth is located within the habitable zone of the Sun, where conditions for liquid water are ideal for the existence of life. Kepler-186f: Kepler-186f is also located within the habitable zone of its star, Kepler-186. This means that, theoretically, it could have conditions suitable for liquid water to exist on its surface. ​ 4. Atmosphere: Earth: Earth has a diverse and life-sustaining atmosphere composed primarily of nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%), with trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere plays a critical role in regulating temperature and supporting life. Kepler-186f: The specific composition and characteristics of Kepler-186f's atmosphere are not currently known. Detailed studies are needed to determine the presence and properties of its atmosphere. ​ 5. Surface Conditions: Earth: Earth has a variety of surface conditions, including continents, oceans, and various climate zones. It supports a wide range of life forms and ecosystems. Kepler-186f: The specific surface conditions of Kepler-186f, such as the presence of oceans, continents, or any geological activity, are not known due to limited observational data. ​ 6. Potential for Extraterrestrial Life: Earth: Earth is known to host a diverse array of life, from microorganisms to complex multicellular organisms, including humans. Kepler-186f: While it is located within the habitable zone and is considered an interesting candidate for further study, the presence of extraterrestrial life on Kepler-186f is purely speculative at this point. It is one of the exoplanets that has garnered attention for its potential habitability. Other Articles...... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-452b Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1

Religious Point of View

2019 Space Discoveries The cosmic web revealed Every galaxy in the universe is a pit stop on a long highway of gas known as the cosmic web. Each road, or "filament," on this intergalactic interstate is made of hydrogen left over from the Big Bang ; where large quantities of hydrogen converge, clusters of galaxies appear in the dark sea of space. The web is too faint to see with the naked eye, but in October, astronomers photographed a piece of it for the first time ever. Using the faint ultraviolet glow of a distant galaxy as backlighting, the image shows blue strands of hydrogen crisscrossing through space 12 billion light-years away, connecting bright white galaxies in its path. The plasma shield that guards the realms of men There is a violent clash unfolding at the frontier of our solar system . Billions of miles from the solar system's center, crackling solar wind collides with powerful cosmic rays at a boundary called the heliopause. When NASA's twin Voyager probes passed through the region and entered interstellar space last year, astronomers saw that the heliopause is not just a symbolic boundary; it's also a physical wall of soupy plasma that deflects and dilutes the worst of the incoming radiation. This plasma "shield," as it's described in a Nov. 4 study, may deflect about 70% of cosmic rays from entering our solar system. You could call it the shield that guards the realms of men. (You won't find White Walkers on the other side, but you will find some white dwarfs.) Radio bubbles in the galaxy's gut The Fermi Bubbles are twin blobs of high-energy gas ballooning out of both poles of the Milky Way 's center, stretching into space for 25,000 light-years apiece (roughly the same as the distance between Earth and the center of the Milky Way). The bubbles are thought to be a few million years old and likely have something to do with a giant explosion from our galaxy's central black hole — but observations are scarce, as they are typically only visible to ultrapowerful gamma-ray and X-ray telescopes. This September, however, astronomers detected the bubbles in radio waves for the first time, revealing large quantities of energetic gas moving through the bubbles, possibly fueling them to grow even larger, according to the scientists' report in the journal Nature. Fermi's chimneys A whole new era of space science began on Christmas Day 2021 with the successful launch of the world's next major telescope. NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency are collaborating on the $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), a project more than three decades in the making. Space telescopes take a long time to plan and assemble: The vision for this particular spacecraft began before its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope, had even launched into Earth orbit. Whereas Hubble orbits a few hundred miles from Earth's surface, JWST is heading to an observational perch located about a million miles from our planet. The telescope began its journey towards this spot, called the Earth-sun Lagrange Point 2 (L2), on Dec. 25, 2021 at 7:20 a.m. EST (1220 GMT) when an Ariane 5 rocket launched the precious payload from Europe's Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana. The telescope will help astronomers answer questions about the evolution of the universe and provide a deeper understanding about the objects found in our very own solar system. Planet in a dead star's thrall When a typical sun runs out of fuel and collapses, it may become a white dwarf — the compact, crystalline corpse of a star. If that star had any planets orbiting around it, chances are they were either obliterated in the star's final growth spurt (Earth will likely be engulfed by our sun in its final years) or sucked up and destroyed by the white dwarf's intense gravity. However, in early December, astronomers discovered an intact planet orbiting a white dwarf star for the first time ever. Spotted about 2,040 light-years from Earth, the white dwarf system seems to be emitting a strange combo of gases that could be a Neptune-like planet slowly evaporating as it circles the dead sun once every 10 days. The study adds major evidence to the theory that dead stars can host planets (at least temporarily). Solar tsunamis The Parker Solar Probe's record-setting approach to the sun made this year's biggest solar science headlines, but arguably the most epic sun study came months earlier, in February, according to scientists writing in the journal Scientific Reports. The researchers described a solar phenomenon called "terminator events " — basically, cataclysmic magnetic-field collisions at the sun's equator. More epic still, the authors wrote, these collisions may result in twin tsunamis of plasma tearing across the star's surface at 1,000 feet (300 meters) per second in both directions. These gargantuan (though still theoretical) solar tsunamis could last for weeks at a time and may occur every decade or so. The next one could be due in early 2020, the authors wrote, which would give the Parker probe something truly gnarly to behold. Black hole babies from the early universe In March, Japanese astronomers searched for baby pictures of the universe by turning their telescope to a corner of space 13 billion light-years away. There, they spied 83 previously undiscovered supermassive black holes dating to the early days of the universe. The holes — actually a bunch of quasars , or huge, luminous disks of gases and dust that surround supermassive black holes — were around as few as 800 million years after the Big Bang, making them some of the earliest objects ever detected. The composite image of all 83 quasars (above) may not be as cute as your own baby pictures, but it's arguably way cooler. Renegade star flees rare black hole In September, astronomers detected one of the fastest renegade stars ever recorded, fleeing across the Milky Way at 1.2 million mph (2 million km/h). Most stars moving at such blazing speeds are usually the survivors of a binary system that got ripped in half by a supermassive black hole or exploding supernova, but this speedy sun appeared to be different. After tracking the star's velocity and trajectory, researchers determined that it seemed to have suffered a run-in with a mid-mass black hole — that is, a black hole with hundreds to hundreds of thousands of times the mass of the sun (as opposed to a supermassive black hole , which can be millions or billions of times the sun's mass). This theoretical type of black hole has never been observed before, and scientists have never found convincing evidence that they actually exist. Now, one speedy star might shine the way to the proof that scientists have been looking for. Fast radio burst followed home Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are intensely bright, vanishingly brief pulses of radio energy that constantly zip across the universe like invisible bullets. What are they, exactly — belches of radiation from supermassive black holes? The pulses of alien spaceship engines ? Scientists don't know for sure, but a team of researchers came closer to solving the puzzle in June when they tracked an FRB across space and time to its precise origins for the first time ever. Using a radio telescope array in the Australian outback, the researchers found the burst in question (which lasted a fraction of a millisecond) originated from a Milky Way-size galaxy about 3.6 billion light-years from Earth, which was no longer producing fresh stars. These results show that FRBs can form in a variety of cosmic environments (and that aliens still can't be ruled out).

Hubble's Deep Field The Hubble Space Telescope has made over 1.5 million observations since its launch in 1990, capturing stunning subjects such as the Eagle Nebula and producing data that has been featured in almost 18,000 scientific articles. But no image has revolutionized the way we understand the universe as much as the Hubble Deep Field . A Core Sample of the Universe ​ The Hubble Deep Field image holds 342 separate exposures taken between December 18 and 28, 1995. The picture we see was assembled from blue, red, and infrared light. The combination of these images allows astronomers to infer the distance, age, and composition of the galaxies photographed. Bluer objects, for example, contain young stars or could be relatively close. Redder objects contain older stars or could be farther away. Most of the galaxies are so faint ― four billion times fainter than the human eye can see ― that they had never been observed before, even by the largest telescopes. “As the images have come up on our screens, we have not been able to keep from wondering if we might somehow be seeing our own origins in all of this,” Williams said at the time. “These past 10 days have been an unbelievable experience.” The “deep” in Hubble Deep Field refers to the telescope’s ability to look at some of these far, faint objects. Looking at far-away objects in space is like seeing back in time. Light moves at tremendous speed, but it still takes time to travel across the vastness of space. Even the light from our own Sun needs eight minutes and 20 seconds to reach Earth, so when we look at the Sun, we see it as it was a little more than eight minutes earlier. The farther away the object, the younger it appears in Hubble’s gaze. The Deep Field was like a core sample of space, showing galaxies at different and earlier stages of development the deeper they appeared in the image. Researchers from the State University of New York at Stony Brook analyzed the photo and chose several dozen candidates that could be more distant than any galaxies seen up to that point. They identified the galaxies based on their color, because more distant galaxies appear redder as the light reaches us. This happens because the light stretches as it travels through the universe, transforming into infrared wavelengths, which are redder. A 1998 follow-up infrared image taken with Hubble’s Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer discovered galaxies believed to be over 12 billion light-years away, even farther than those seen in the Hubble Deep Field. Hubble Deep Field South After the success of the original Hubble Deep Field, astronomers sought new ways to increase our understanding of the universe. Since it would take 900,000 years for astronomers to observe the whole sky, they knew they would have to rely on more samples like the Hubble Deep Field to infer what the entire universe looks like. The Hubble Deep Field South focused on a region in the constellation Tucana, near the south celestial pole, and doubled the number of distant galaxies available to astronomers. Williams and a team of 50 astronomers and technicians at the Institute and at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, carried out the 10-day-long observation in October 1998. Hubble Ultra Deep Field ​ In 2004, Hubble captured a million-second-long exposure that contained 10,000 galaxies. This new image, the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, observed the first galaxies to emerge from the “dark ages,” a time just after the Big Bang. A servicing mission in 2002 had installed a new camera, called the Advanced Camera for Surveys. That camera had twice the field of view and a higher sensitivity than WFPC2, the camera that captured the original Deep Field. The final Ultra Deep Field photo is actually combined from an ACS image and an image from Hubble’s Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-object Spectrometer. “Hubble takes us to within a stone’s throw of the Big Bang itself,” said Massimo Stiavelli, an instrument scientist for Hubble at the Space Telescope Science Institute. From ground-based telescopes, the location of the Ultra Deep Field in the constellation Fornax ― right below the constellation Orion ― looked mostly empty, much like the other Deep Field locations, allowing for more distant observations to take place. The Ultra Deep Field image contained several odd galaxies, such as one shaped like a toothpick and another shaped like a bracelet link. Such galaxies come from a more chaotic time before the development of structured galaxies like the Milky Way. Ultra Deep Field data also taught astronomers that black holes at the center of galaxies likely grew over time, that large galaxies build up gradually as others merge and collide, and that some of the earliest galaxies were much smaller than our current Milky Way. Hubble Ultra Deep Field-Infrared ​ In 2009, Hubble captured near-infrared light wavelengths in the same region as the Ultra Deep Field, revealing galaxies formed just 600 million years after the Big Bang. The light from one object, called UDFj-39546284, traveled 13.2 billion light-years to reach Earth. It’s a compact galaxy made up of blue stars, and astronomers found that the rate of star formation grew by a factor of 10 in just over 200 million years ― that may sound like a long time to us, but it’s tiny for the universe. ​ ​ ​ Hubble eXtreme Deep Field In 2012, Hubble took it to the extreme. Astronomers combined 10 years of photographs taken of a region in the center of the original Ultra Deep Field. Even with its smaller view, the eXtreme Deep Field still showed 5,500 galaxies. The faintest galaxies visible in this image are one ten-billionth of what the human eye can see, and most of the galaxies shown are from when they were young and small, often colliding and merging together. ​ ​ ​ Ultra Deep Field 2012 After observations made over six weeks in August and September 2012, a team of astronomers discovered a population of seven primitive galaxies formed when the universe was just 3% of its present age. The observations supported the idea that galaxies may have provided enough energy to reheat the universe after the Big Bang. ​ ​ ​ Frontier Fields NASA’s Great Observatories ― Hubble, Spitzer, and Chandra ― teamed up in 2013 for the Frontier Fields, a bold multi-year campaign to provide critical data to aid investigations of dark matter and how galaxies change over time, among others. Abell 370 is a cluster with several hundred galaxies at its core. It was one of the first clusters where astronomers observed gravitational lensing and part of the Frontier Fields project. Credits: NASA, ESA, R. Bouwens and G. Illingworth (University of California, Santa Cruz) The campaign provided 12 new deep field images, and astronomers were able to detect galaxies 100 times fainter than those they observed in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. Focusing on high-redshift galaxies and gravitational lensing, or the natural distortion of light from massive galaxy clusters, the team worked to detect galaxies too faint to be seen by Hubble alone. Such an undertaking propelled our understanding of the universe in ways that could only be achieved with all the Great Observatories working together. The campaign ended in 2017, and now astronomers can use the dataset to continue exploring the early universe. Not only did the Hubble Deep Field change how we understand the universe, it also changed how we share findings. “This coming together of the community to generate a shared, nonproprietary dataset was essentially unprecedented but has since become the model for the majority of large astronomical projects,” wrote University of Washington astronomer Julianne Dalcanton. “This new mode of operating has democratized astronomy.” Hubble’s data was compiled for the Legacy Field, a combination of nearly 7,500 Hubble exposures. It represents 16 years of observations, 265,000 galaxies, and 13.3 billion years, making it the largest collection of galaxies documented by Hubble. The role of exploring the early universe further will fall to the James Webb Space Telescope , expected to launch in late 2021. Designed to see even farther back than Hubble because of its powerful infrared vision, Webb promises exciting observations and new discoveries. But our evolving understanding began with Hubble, and a team not afraid to explore what looked like nothing.

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Hubble's Discoveries This is your About Page. It's a great opportunity to give a full background on who you are, what you do and what your website has to offer. Double click on the text box to start editing your content and make sure to add all the relevant details you want to share with site visitors. Presenter please note: Much of the discussion in these slides, and most of the public’s attention, is focused on Hubble’s enormous repertoire of images. Here is a montage of some of Hubble’s best images that symbolize the breadth and depth of Hubble observations and the research being done. ​ In each image that follows, a timeline (shown here) will be shown so that viewers have an appreciation for how far away the object is and how long it takes for the light to travel to Hubble from that object.

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Theories Scientific explanation of any topic Time Is Not Constant only one thing is constant and it is a change. okay for some reason i thought time is constant so when something is come from nothing so nothing is consist nothing not time also. so yes the question is when vacume is consist nothing so time is not constant. but here is a Einstein's Relativity theory is proved wrong as per this perspactive but no everything is right in it's limits. Origin Of Earth Origin of our universe is from big bang effect. and origin of our galaxy is to collab of two galaxies, but origin of our earth is ? , origin of our earth is from sun because age of our galaxy is roughly 13.6 billion years and age of our sun is 4.6 billion years and age of our earth is 4.5 billion years, so the origin of our earth is from sun as per my perspective. exploit on suns surface core is a origin of all planets and asteroids, exploit of sun and other rock is origin of our moon. so this is my basic phenomena. The BIg-Bang Theory The early theory of origin of origin of universe is The Big Bang Theory. which consist a nebular exploidation of two nebulas. this theory is a strongest theory of the origin of universe. when big bang cause dark mater and all galaxies are origin. all things of our universe is cause in this time. scientist strongly work on this theory. Georges Lemaitre || 1894 - 1966 General Relativity Theory The theory of relativity is a scientific theory proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905 and 1915 that fundamentally changed our understanding of space, time, and gravity. It has two main parts: Special relativity: which deals with objects moving at constant speeds, and shows that time is relative to the observer and that objects appear differently depending on the observer's position and motion. General relativity: which deals with the force of gravity and shows that it is not a force at all, but rather the curvature of spacetime caused by the presence of mass and energy. Albert Einstein || 1905 Heat Death Of The Universe The heat death of the universe theory proposes that, over an immense span of time, the universe will gradually reach a state of maximum entropy and energy equilibrium. As the universe expands, the average energy density decreases, leading to a cooling effect. Eventually, all usable energy will be uniformly distributed and no longer available for work or sustaining life. This scenario predicts the loss of structure, complexity, and organization as energy dissipates, resulting in a cold, sparse, and lifeless universe. Lord Kelvin || 1850 Multiness Of Thoughts What we are experiencing right now, whether we have a dream or a thought represents our future, it means that what we think will happen to us, so always keep positive thinking. You may have seen the movie Interstellar where a man controls the fourth diamentio from the future and how our present is connected to our past, this basic concept is what I call the concept of Multiness of Thoughts. this concept is also connected with quantum theories, because this theory also say that all thigs which we see is create with our thoughts and after we see it's die immediately. Quantum Theory Quantum theory, also known as quantum mechanics, is a foundational theory in physics that describes the behavior of particles at the smallest scales. It introduces the concept of quantized energy levels, probabilistic behavior, and the wave-particle duality. Quantum theory revolutionized our understanding of the microscopic world, providing a mathematical framework to calculate probabilities and predict particle interactions. Its applications range from explaining the behavior of atoms and molecules to enabling technologies like quantum computing and quantum cryptography. Quantum theory has fundamentally transformed our understanding of the nature of reality and continues to shape our exploration of the fundamental workings of the universe. Niels Bohr & Max Planck || 1900 Hubble's Law Hubble's Law, named after the astronomer Edwin Hubble, states that galaxies are moving away from us, and the farther they are, the faster they are receding. This law is based on the observation that the light from distant galaxies is shifted towards the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum, known as redshift. Hubble's Law provides evidence for the expansion of the universe and serves as a cornerstone of modern cosmology. By studying the redshift of galaxies, scientists can determine their distance and calculate the rate of cosmic expansion. Hubble's Law has contributed significantly to our understanding of the origin, evolution, and large-scale structure of the universe. Edwin Hubble's || 1929 Cosmic Inflation Cosmic inflation theory proposes that the universe underwent an extremely rapid expansion, known as cosmic inflation, in the earliest moments of its existence. This theory suggests that, shortly after the Big Bang, a tiny patch of space expanded exponentially, causing the universe to rapidly expand and flatten out. Cosmic inflation helps explain several observations, such as the uniformity of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the overall large-scale structure of the universe. It also provides a possible solution to the horizon problem and the flatness problem in cosmology. While cosmic inflation remains a theoretical concept, it has gained widespread acceptance and is considered a crucial component of our current understanding of the early universe. Alan Guth || 1980 String Theory String theory is a theoretical framework in physics that aims to unify all the fundamental forces and particles of nature. It proposes that the fundamental building blocks of the universe are not point-like particles but tiny, vibrating strings of energy. These strings exist in higher-dimensional spacetime and their vibrations give rise to different particles with various properties. String theory offers a promising path towards reconciling general relativity and quantum mechanics, two foundational theories that currently appear incompatible. It also suggests the existence of additional dimensions beyond the familiar three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. String theory is still an area of active research and has sparked numerous developments in theoretical physics, including the concept of holography and new insights into quantum gravity and black hole physics. Gabriele Veneziano || 1969 Dark Matter Theory Dark matter theory proposes the existence of a type of matter that does not interact with light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation but exerts a gravitational influence on visible matter. It is called "dark" because it does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible and difficult to detect directly. Dark matter is inferred from its gravitational effects on galaxies and galaxy clusters, explaining the observed rotation curves of galaxies and the dynamics of galactic clusters. The exact nature of dark matter remains unknown, and its composition is a subject of ongoing research. The existence of dark matter is a crucial component in current cosmological models, accounting for a significant portion of the mass in the universe and shaping the large-scale structure we observe. Fritz Zwicky || 1933 Dark Energy Theory Dark energy theory is a concept in physics that attempts to explain the observed accelerated expansion of the universe. It suggests the existence of a mysterious form of energy that permeates all of space and drives this expansion. Dark energy is thought to possess negative pressure, counteracting the gravitational pull of matter and causing the universe to expand at an increasing rate. Its nature and origin remain elusive, with potential explanations ranging from a cosmological constant, as proposed by Einstein, to more exotic possibilities like quintessence or modifications of general relativity. Dark energy constitutes a significant fraction of the total energy density in the universe, but its precise properties and role in cosmic evolution continue to be active areas of scientific investigation. Adam Riess || 1998 Multiverse Theory Multiverse theory is a speculative concept in cosmology and theoretical physics that suggests the existence of multiple universes or parallel realities beyond our own observable universe. According to this theory, each universe within the multiverse could have its own unique physical laws, constants, and properties. The idea of a multiverse arises from attempts to explain various fundamental questions, such as the fine-tuning of physical constants and the origin of our universe. While there are different versions of multiverse theory, they generally propose that the vastness of possibilities extends beyond what we can observe, and that our universe is just one among countless others. The concept of a multiverse is still highly speculative and remains a topic of philosophical and scientific debate, with ongoing research exploring its potential implications and ways to test its validity. William James || 1895 Tagmark's Four Levels of Multiverse The concept of the multiverse is indeed a subject of ongoing scientific exploration and theoretical discussion. Some theories propose different levels or types of multiverse based on various hypotheses, such as: Level I Multiverse: This level of multiverse is based on the idea of an infinite or vastly large universe, where regions far beyond what we can observe contain regions similar to our observable universe. This concept arises from cosmic inflation theory. Level II Multiverse: This level of multiverse is related to the idea of bubble universes within an inflating space. According to eternal inflation theory, our universe could be just one of many "bubbles" embedded in a larger multiverse. Level III Multiverse: This level of multiverse stems from the concept of a "many-worlds interpretation" of quantum mechanics. It suggests that every quantum event spawns multiple parallel universes, resulting in a branching multiverse where every possible outcome of quantum events occurs in a different universe. Level IV Multiverse: This level of multiverse is often associated with the idea of mathematical or logical universes. It suggests that all conceivable mathematical structures or logical systems exist as separate universes. Max Tagmark Apple in a Box Spatial reasoning or problem-solving: In mathematics or logic puzzles, there are scenarios where you might have to imagine an apple placed inside a box and analyze its properties or movements within that confined space. Thought experiment: Philosophers and scientists often use thought experiments to explore concepts and theories. The "apple in a box" could represent a hypothetical situation used to illustrate a particular idea or phenomenon. Teaching tool: Teachers and educators might use the phrase "apple in a box" to simplify complex concepts for students, making it easier for them to understand and visualize abstract ideas. Perception and reality: The phrase might be used metaphorically to explore the difference between what we perceive (the apple in the box) and what objectively exists (the actual state of the apple). Simulation Theory Virtual Reality Hypothesis: Simulation theory proposes that our entire reality, including the universe and all its inhabitants, might be a computer-generated simulation created by an advanced civilization. Technological Mastery: The theory assumes that a highly developed society could create simulations indistinguishable from reality, complete with conscious beings who believe they are living genuine lives. Existential Questions: Simulation theory raises philosophical questions about the nature of consciousness, the meaning of existence, and the potential layers of reality, challenging conventional understandings of the universe. Speculative Nature: While captivating, simulation theory lacks empirical evidence and serves as a thought experiment that encourages us to ponder the nature of reality and our place within an intricate, simulated cosmos. Nick Bostrom | 2003 Special Relativity Theory Special relativity theory, proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905, is a fundamental theory in physics that revolutionized our understanding of space, time, and motion. It introduces two key principles: Constancy of the Speed of Light: The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of their relative motion. This means that the speed of light is an absolute constant. Relativity of Space and Time: Space and time are not absolute but depend on the observer's motion. Time can appear to pass differently for moving objects, and lengths can appear shorter when an object moves at high speeds. Special relativity has been extensively tested and confirmed, and it forms the basis for modern physics, helping us understand phenomena at high speeds and near the speed of light. Albert Einstirn || 1905 Twin Paradox The twin paradox is a thought experiment arising from Einstein's theory of special relativity. It involves two identical twins: one stays on Earth, while the other travels into space at a high speed and then returns. Due to time dilation, the traveling twin ages less than the twin who remained on Earth. This seems paradoxical, but it's resolved by considering the effects of acceleration and relative motion on time and space. The twin paradox illustrates the counterintuitive nature of time dilation and the relativistic effects predicted by special relativity. It's been confirmed through experiments and is a fundamental example of how the theory challenges our everyday understanding of time and motion.​ Quantum Entanglement Quantum entanglement is a bizarre, counterintuitive phenomenon that explains how two subatomic particles can be intimately linked to each other even if separated by billions of light-years of space. Despite their vast separation, a change induced in one will affect the other. In 1964, physicist John Bell posited that such changes can be induced and occur instantaneously, even if the particles are very far apart. Bell's Theorem is regarded as an important idea in modern physics, but it conflicts with other well-established principles of physics. For example, Albert Einstein had shown years before Bell proposed his theorem that information cannot travel faster than the speed of light . Perplexed, Einstein famously described this entanglement phenomenon as "spooky action at a distance." Erwin Schrödinger || 1935 The Infinite Hotel Paradox The Infinite Hotel Paradox is a mind-bending thought experiment in mathematics and philosophy. Imagine a hotel with an infinite number of rooms, and every room is occupied by a guest. When a new guest arrives and wants a room, the manager can still accommodate them by simply asking each current guest to move to the room with a number one higher than their current room. This frees up room 1 for the new guest. What's truly astonishing is that this process can be repeated infinitely, accommodating an infinite number of new guests in a seemingly already full hotel. It challenges our intuitive understanding of finite and infinite quantities, showcasing the paradoxical nature of infinity in a captivating way. David Hilbert's Theory Of Creation The theory of creation, often rooted in religious or mythological beliefs, posits that the universe, Earth, and all living beings were intentionally brought into existence by a divine or supernatural force. Various cultures and religions have their own creation narratives, such as the Judeo-Christian account of God creating the world in seven days, or the Hindu belief in the cosmic dance of Lord Shiva as the source of creation. These theories often serve as explanations for the origins of the cosmos and life itself, offering a framework for understanding our existence and our place in the universe. While the theory of creation is deeply ingrained in cultural and spiritual traditions, it coexists alongside scientific theories of evolution and cosmology, sparking ongoing discussions and debates about the nature of our origins. Charles Darwin || 1859 Grandfather Paradox The grandfather paradox is a thought experiment in the realm of time travel and theoretical physics. It revolves around a hypothetical situation where a person travels back in time and encounters their own grandfather before their grandfather has children. The paradox arises when the time traveler interferes with the past in a way that prevents their own existence. For example, if the time traveler were to prevent their grandparents from meeting or somehow cause their grandfather's death before he could have children, it would create a logical inconsistency. If the time traveler was never born, how could they have traveled back in time in the first place to create the interference? The grandfather paradox raises questions about the nature of time, causality, and the possible consequences of time travel. It's often discussed in discussions about the feasibility and potential paradoxes associated with time travel, but it also highlights some of the challenging problems that arise when contemplating journeys through time. We are nothing.... What is vacuum?, How is vacuum formed?, We believe that there is no air at all in vacuum, meaning vacuum is an empty substance which is completely empty, do you understand this? Wrong, vacuum is not empty matter, vacuum is the space formed by the formation of matter and antimatter. I believe that in this universe of ours, there is an anti-avatar of all the things, like the white hole of the black hole, similarly the anti-matter of the matter. So what are we?, we are also a matter, so can we also have any anti form, absolutely possible, that is why it is called vacuum, and this is how our entire universe is formed, if we say If something came from nothing, then that means we are that nothing. In the end this entire space becomes zero, so can we call ourselves nothing? Chess Square Theory COMING SOON............. Visit Now Parallel World Travel We have heard a lot about time travel, it feels good to hear it but only in imagination and theories, we already know the rest of the reality, but today we have brought another theory in front of you which can happen in the past. There is a thesis based on the above but yes, you will definitely feel happy after reading it. Visit Now We are our GOD This perspective posits that while we are not divine beings, we do possess the capacity to control and manipulate our own destinies, akin to gods in our own right. Drawing parallels with the movie Interstellar, the notion of being the orchestrator of our lives is highlighted. The theory extends to addressing various enigmas such as the Egyptian pyramids and sightings of UFOs, attributing them to our relationship with space. It promises to unravel mysteries and provide answers, though it also emphasizes the importance of mindset in adopting such a worldview. Visit Now The Fermi Paradox The Fermi Paradox is the apparent contradiction between the high probability of extraterrestrial civilizations existing in the vast universe and the lack of any observable evidence or contact with such civilizations. Considering the sheer number of potentially habitable planets, the age of the universe, and the speed at which life emerged on Earth, it seems logical that other advanced civilizations should exist. However, there are various proposed solutions to this paradox, ranging from the possibility that life is rare, to the idea that advanced civilizations self-destruct, or that they communicate in ways we cannot yet detect. Despite extensive efforts, we have not found conclusive evidence of extraterrestrial life, leaving the Fermi Paradox as a major unresolved question in science. Inflationary Cosmology Inflationary cosmology, proposed by Alan Guth in 1980, suggests a rapid expansion of space in the early universe driven by an inflaton field, addressing puzzles in standard Big Bang cosmology. Supported by observations like cosmic microwave background radiation, inflation explains the universe's uniformity and predicts a nearly scale-invariant spectrum of density fluctuations. Challenges include the initial conditions problem and implications for a multiverse, but inflation remains a key area of cosmological research, shaping our understanding of the universe's early history. Visit Now Blackhole Information Paradox The Black Hole Information Paradox presents a fundamental challenge in reconciling quantum mechanics and general relativity within the context of black holes. It arises from the apparent loss of information beyond the event horizon, contradicting the principle of information conservation in quantum mechanics. Proposed solutions include Hawking radiation, the firewall paradox, holographic principles, and theories of quantum gravity such as string theory. Despite ongoing research, a definitive resolution to this paradox remains elusive, representing a crucial frontier in theoretical physics. Visit Now String Theory String theory proposes that fundamental particles aren't point-like but instead tiny, vibrating strings. It attempts to reconcile quantum mechanics and general relativity, aiming for a unified theory of physics. String theory posits extra dimensions beyond the usual three spatial dimensions and one time dimension, offering a framework for understanding the fundamental nature of reality. However, it remains a highly speculative and mathematically complex theory without experimental confirmation. Visit Now

Time Line

White Hole White holes are theoretical regions of spacetime where matter and energy are thought to emerge outward, representing the hypothetical opposite of black holes. Understanding White Holes: The concept of white holes is a fascinating but theoretical idea within the realm of astrophysics, offering a hypothetical counterpart to black holes in our understanding of the universe. While black holes are regions of spacetime from which nothing can escape, including light, white holes are envisioned as the opposite—a theoretical region where matter and energy can only emerge outward, never to be re-entered. This reversal of the gravitational behavior of black holes forms the basis of the concept of white holes. ​ White holes arise as solutions to the equations of general relativity, which describe the curvature of spacetime in the presence of mass and energy. They represent peculiar regions where spacetime curvature diverges from that of black holes, resulting in the outward flow of matter and energy. However, while the mathematical framework of general relativity supports the existence of white holes, there is currently no observational evidence to confirm their existence. ​ Theoretical models of white holes suggest intriguing properties, including the reversal of time near their central singularities. Whereas black holes represent the ultimate endpoint of gravitational collapse, white holes imply a reversal of this process, with matter and energy emerging outward from a central point. Additionally, some theoretical frameworks propose connections between black holes and white holes through wormholes, hypothetical tunnels in spacetime that could provide passages between different regions of the universe. ​ Despite their theoretical appeal, the existence of white holes remains speculative, and several challenges hinder their direct observation or detection. The extreme conditions required for the formation of white holes, coupled with their theoretical nature, pose significant obstacles to observational studies. Nevertheless, white holes continue to capture the imagination of scientists and cosmologists, serving as intriguing objects that push the boundaries of our understanding of the universe's fundamental laws and the mysteries that lie beyond. How White Hole Forms? The formation of white holes is a speculative concept within theoretical astrophysics, and there are several proposed mechanisms for their origin. One hypothesis suggests that white holes could arise as a result of the reverse process of black hole formation. In this scenario, instead of matter collapsing inward under gravity to form a singularity, external forces or quantum effects prevent further collapse, leading to a rebound or "bounce" that results in the outward expulsion of matter and energy. Another possibility is that white holes could emerge from quantum fluctuations or exotic phenomena in the early universe. During the extreme conditions of the universe's infancy, quantum fluctuations could have given rise to regions of spacetime exhibiting the characteristics of white holes, where matter and energy escape outward rather than collapsing inward. ​ Despite these speculative scenarios, the formation of white holes remains an open question in astrophysics, as their extreme nature and theoretical properties pose significant challenges to observational confirmation. Further research and theoretical investigations are needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind white hole formation and their potential role in the cosmos. Is a White Hole connected to a Black Hole? The concept of a black hole being connected to a white hole on the other side is often discussed in theoretical physics and science fiction, but it remains speculative and has not been supported by observational evidence. This idea is based on the theoretical possibility of a wormhole—a hypothetical tunnel-like structure in spacetime that could connect two distant points or even different universes. ​ Here's how the concept of a black hole connected to a white hole through a wormhole is typically envisioned: Wormholes: Wormholes are theoretical solutions to the equations of general relativity that suggest the existence of shortcuts or tunnels through spacetime. These structures would allow matter, energy, or information to travel between distant regions of the universe more quickly than would be possible through normal space. Black Hole Throat and White Hole Throat: In the context of a black hole connected to a white hole, the black hole's event horizon is considered the entrance or "throat" of the wormhole, while the white hole's event horizon is considered the exit or "throat" of the wormhole. One-Way Passage: Theoretical models of this scenario typically involve a one-way passage of matter and energy through the wormhole, with objects falling into the black hole's event horizon emerging from the white hole's event horizon. This setup resembles the behavior of a black hole and a white hole in isolation, where matter falls into the former and escapes from the latter. Cosmological Implications: If black holes and white holes are indeed connected through wormholes, it would have profound implications for our understanding of the universe's structure and dynamics. It could provide a mechanism for the transfer of matter, energy, or even information between different regions of spacetime or even different universes. Speculative Nature: While the concept of black holes connected to white holes through wormholes is mathematically consistent with the laws of general relativity, there is currently no observational evidence to support its existence. Wormholes are highly speculative and remain purely theoretical constructs at this point. ​ Overall, while the idea of a black hole being connected to a white hole through a wormhole is fascinating and has captured the imagination of scientists and science fiction writers alike, it remains speculative and requires further theoretical and observational investigation to determine its validity. Theoretical researches on White Hole : Research on white holes primarily falls within the realms of theoretical physics and cosmology, as there is currently no observational evidence for the existence of white holes. However, scientists have proposed various theories and explored different aspects of white holes within the framework of general relativity and quantum mechanics. Here are some key areas of research and theories related to white holes: ​ Mathematical Analysis: Much of the research on white holes involves mathematical analysis within the framework of general relativity. Scientists have derived theoretical solutions to the Einstein field equations that describe the geometry of spacetime in the presence of a white hole. Relationship to Black Holes: One prominent area of research involves exploring the relationship between black holes and white holes. Some theoretical models suggest that black holes and white holes may be connected through wormholes, hypothetical tunnels in spacetime that could allow matter and energy to travel between them. Hawking Radiation Reversal: Analogous to black holes emitting Hawking radiation, some theories propose that white holes could absorb radiation and matter from their surroundings, leading to a reversal of the Hawking radiation process. This idea is speculative and remains an area of active research. Formation Mechanisms: Scientists have proposed various mechanisms for the formation of white holes. Some theories suggest that white holes could arise as the reverse process of black hole formation, while others speculate that they may emerge from quantum fluctuations or other exotic processes in the early universe. Cosmological Significance: White holes have been proposed as potential explanations for phenomena such as gamma-ray bursts, extremely energetic events observed in distant galaxies. Researchers continue to explore the cosmological implications of white holes and their potential role in the evolution of the universe. Quantum Gravity: Understanding the behavior of white holes may provide insights into the quantum nature of gravity and the unification of quantum mechanics and general relativity. Investigating white holes within the framework of quantum gravity theories, such as loop quantum gravity or string theory, remains an area of active theoretical research. Multiverse Hypothesis: Some speculative cosmological models, such as the multiverse hypothesis, suggest that white holes could be connected to other universes within a larger cosmic ensemble. Research on white holes intersects with broader discussions about the nature of the multiverse and the possibility of other universes beyond our own. ​ Overall, research on white holes spans a wide range of theoretical and conceptual domains within physics and cosmology. While white holes remain hypothetical constructs, exploring their properties and implications contributes to our understanding of the fundamental nature of the universe. Is the White holes are the creator of our universe? The concept of white holes serving as creators of the universe is a speculative idea that lacks empirical evidence and remains largely confined to theoretical discussions. While white holes are theoretical constructs derived from general relativity, positing them as sources from which matter and energy emanate outward, there is no scientific substantiation for their role as the creators of the universe. The prevailing cosmological understanding, rooted in the Big Bang theory, describes the universe's origin as an immensely dense and hot state expanding from a singularity around 13.8 billion years ago. This model does not incorporate white holes as fundamental to universal creation. White holes, if they exist, are envisioned as regions of spacetime where matter and energy escape rather than enter. While the idea of white holes as creators may be intriguing, it remains speculative and lacks empirical support. Other cosmological hypotheses, such as inflationary cosmology or multiverse theories, provide alternative explanations for the universe's origins without invoking white holes. Therefore, while the concept stimulates theoretical discourse, it currently lacks empirical validation and is not widely accepted within the scientific community. White Holes are not possible in Quantum Physics: In the realm of quantum physics, the concept of white holes faces significant challenges due to the fundamental principles governing quantum mechanics. Quantum physics describes the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales, where traditional notions of spacetime curvature may break down. One key challenge is reconciling the deterministic nature of general relativity, which underpins the concept of white holes, with the inherent uncertainty and probabilistic behavior inherent in quantum mechanics. Additionally, white holes are associated with extreme gravitational conditions and singularities, where quantum effects are expected to become significant. However, current quantum gravity theories, such as loop quantum gravity or string theory, have not yet provided a complete framework for describing the behavior of spacetime near singularities or within the context of white holes. Therefore, while quantum physics offers valuable insights into the nature of the universe, the theoretical challenges inherent in combining quantum mechanics with general relativity present obstacles to the existence of white holes within a purely quantum framework. Other Articles.... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop Parallel World Travel Age of our Universe Zombie Planets Black Hole

Portfolio In the portfolio section, you will get the explanation of the topic with images so that you will be able to learn well and will not get bored.

Jain geography ​All about Jain's geography and space science Introduction The universe for Jains is an elaborate system. Jain cosmology is very distinctive, although it shares some features with other Indian religious traditions. It is centred on the everlasting and non-originating nature of the universe, and thus excludes the notion of a creator-god. As written by a leading monastic figure from the 12th century, ‘the universe having the shape of a man standing with arms akimbo, with feet apart, filled with substances continuously being created, preserved and destroyed, has never been produced by anyone and is not sustained by anyone either. It exists by itself, without any support’.[1] Although Jains do not worship a creator-god, deities do exist, as mediators between the perfected souls of the Jinas and the imperfect world of human experience, and are a part of the Jain cosmology. Structure of the Jain Universe The Jains distinguish two types of space. The first is the world space (loka-ākāśa), which is a vast but limited area where all souls live in the different body-forms they take according to their rebirths in the various worlds. The second is the non-world space (aloka-ākāśa), which is endless. The Jain universe is perfectly structured and ordered. One of its governing principles is symmetry and repetition, so that ‘to know one part is to know the whole’. It can be viewed as ‘a self-replicating composite’ with, for example, a northern region the exact replica of its southern counterpart, halves being identical, etc. The Jain universe is thought of in terms of dimensions and quantities of units. Jain thinkers have produced a vast vocabulary to describe and understand units of time and space, going from the smallest to the largest, beyond what can be imagined. The smallest unit is the atom. Infinite combinations of atoms make up the smallest unit of measurement. At the other extreme, Jains have devised a refined analysis of extremely large numbers, considering the numerable, the innumerable and the infinite. Jain cosmology gives an important place to mathematical concepts and calculations, so that mathematical treatises written by the Jains may take their illustrative examples from cosmological contexts. Śvetāmbaras and Digambaras agree on the structure of the universe and its elements but differ on many names and numbers. ​ Grasping Jain cosmology is vital to understanding the Jain religion. The soul is an innately pure substance. But, due to embodiment and activity, good or bad, it accumulates karma, which in the Jain understanding means physical matter. This alters the purity of the soul and generates cycles of rebirths within the universe until this finally ends. Rebirth can take one of the following four forms of destiny (gati): 1. as a human (manuṣya); 2. as an inhabitant of the hells (naraka); 3. as a deity (deva); or 4. as an animal or plant (tiryag). Spiritual progression requires an understanding of these cosmological theories. Contemplating the universe is also included within the system of reflection-topics (anuprekṣā). Jambudweep This topic can not be logically or physically proven. It can only be understood on the base of Aagam Vani. You may not be able to beleive it if you think it from modern view as it exists right now. This has to be taken on faith to understand and the main foundation of its understanding is Kevalgyan. Two vertical lines are Tras Nadi where Tras Jeev live. This is in the middle with 13 Raju height. Not covering 1 Raju at the top. Every structure we understand or is described is contained within Tras Nadi. Everything outside is only 1 sensory Jeev called Sthavar Jeev. ​ Middle part is Madhya Lok. Middle Earth. 5 Meru parvat in the middle. Sudarshan Meru/Sumeru is the basis of differentiation of 3 Lok. Madhyalok height is defined by Sumeru Parvat. Below it is Adholok. Above it is Urdhvalok. Physical Dimensions: Bottom – 7 Raju Middle – 1 Raju Up Middle – 5 Raju Top – 1 Raju Depth – 7 Raju Height – 14 Raju Volume 343 Raju^3 Scale: Raju/Rajju is a measurement unit. 1 Raju = Infinite Yojan 1 Yojan = 2000 Kos 1 Kos = 2 Miles 1 Mile = 1.64 Km Strange Facts ​ In front of Jain Geography, the principles and discoveries of our science and space become false, because in Jain Geography, the house is considered as a divine plane, whatever nature the house has, that plane will also be of that type, and in the same way in Jain Geography The sun is considered as the plane of heat and the moon as the plane of coolness and an interesting fact about it is that in Jain geography there are two suns and two moons. According to Jainism, man can never go to the Moon or any other planet! Yes, you are listening right, I know that it sounds very different, but it is not a matter that these things are only heard somewhere, this principle is also a reality in Puranas and the map you are seeing above is also Jambudweep. It is from Another special thing in this is that in the middle of Jambudweep, there is Mount Meru, at some distance of which all the things of this universe are present, and according to this, we humans can never reach this sacred plane and all the other things, there is also a solid proof of this. There is a reason which I will tell you later. Yes, I know you will definitely be shocked to hear all this, but it is true and there is also one thing that Jain geography is very different and unique from our modern space science, but I will tell you further in the rest of the information. Who created our Universe according to Jainism No, as per Jainism Universe is eternal. It's neither created nor shall it ever collapse. ​ Now to the question, i.e. what led to the creation (read structure) of the universe ? ​ To keep things simple, we will just concentrate on the middle world where we humans live as it will help us better understand the structure and operations of the universe on the foundations of our current knowledge on the subject. What is outside of the Universe Well, that would define how you describe the universe as. ​ As per Jainism, the universe consists of broadly two regions viz Lokakash and Alokakash 1st region Lokakash is the region that consists of all things made of a material that exhibits the property of Fusion (Pud) and Fission (Gal) which we call matter today. Its this region of the universe that hosts our planet and all other alien habitable planets that support intelligent lifeforms, along with higher and lower planes where demigods and hellish beings reside.

Facts about Space Facts about space, new planets, antique thing in space, new updates The great attractor Location: The Great Attractor is located in the direction of the Centaurus and Hydra constellations, roughly 150 million light-years away from Earth. Its position behind the dust clouds of our Milky Way galaxy makes it challenging to observe directly. Gravitational Pull: The Great Attractor possesses an immense gravitational force that influences the motion of nearby galaxies. It acts as a massive attractor, causing galaxies to move towards it at high speeds. This gravitational pull shapes the large-scale structure of the universe. Uncertain Nature: The exact nature and composition of the Great Attractor remain a mystery. Scientists propose various theories, including the possibility of it being a concentration of dark matter or a supercluster of galaxies. Further research and observations are necessary to unravel the true nature of this cosmic phenomenon. Age of water A fascinating fact about the age of water on Earth is that some of the water molecules we have today are estimated to be as old as the solar system itself. This conclusion is based on the analysis of isotopes, specifically the ratios of deuterium (a heavy isotope of hydrogen) to regular hydrogen in water samples. By studying these isotopic ratios, scientists have determined that a portion of Earth's water has likely been part of the planet's hydrological cycle since its formation approximately 4.5 billion years ago. This means that the water we use and encounter every day has been cycling through the Earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land for billions of years, making it a remarkable and ancient resource. Gliese 436 B Classification: Gliese 436 b is classified as a "hot Neptune" due to its size resembling Neptune, but with extreme temperatures. Orbit and Distance: It orbits very close to its parent star, completing a revolution in just 2.64 Earth days. Gliese 436 b is located approximately 33 light-years away from Earth. Atmosphere and Composition: The planet has a scorching atmosphere due to its close proximity to the star. It is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, but also contains exotic materials such as "hot ice" or superheated steam. Density and Structure: Gliese 436 b has a relatively low density compared to other exoplanets of similar mass and size. The planet may have a dense core surrounded by a massive envelope of hydrogen and helium. Tidal Forces: Strong tidal forces act on the planet due to its proximity to the star. These tidal forces elongate the planet, leading to additional heating of its atmosphere. The oldest planet Age: PSR B1620-26 system is estimated to be around 12.7 billion years old. Star: The system's central star is a binary system consisting of a pulsar (PSR B1620-26) and a white dwarf. Planets: PSR B1620-26 b (Methuselah): Discovered in 2003. Gas giant planet. Similar in size to Jupiter. Mass is approximately 2.5 times that of Jupiter. Orbits both the pulsar and the white dwarf. Average distance from the star: about 23 astronomical units (AU). Highly eccentric orbit. Orbital period: roughly 100 Earth years. PSR B1620-26 c (Genesis): Discovered in 2006. Gas giant planet. Orbits at a distance of approximately 83 AU from the central stars. GJ 1214B Discovery: GJ 1214b was discovered in 2009 by the MEarth Project, which aims to detect Earth-sized exoplanets orbiting nearby M-dwarf stars. Classification: GJ 1214b is classified as a super-Earth exoplanet. Size and Mass: GJ 1214b is larger than Earth but smaller than gas giants like Jupiter. Its size is approximately 2.7 times the Earth's radius. The mass of GJ 1214b is estimated to be around 6.5 times the mass of Earth. Composition: GJ 1214b is believed to have a substantial atmosphere. The planet's composition consists of a combination of rock and water. HD 140283 Age: HD 140283 is one of the oldest known stars in the universe. Its estimated age is about 14.46 billion years, making it older than the estimated age of the universe itself. Distance: HD 140283 is located approximately 190 light-years away from Earth. It is situated in the constellation Libra. Spectral Class and Subgiant Status: HD 140283 is classified as a subgiant star. It belongs to the spectral class F9, indicating its temperature and other Speciality: This planet is the oldest planet of our universe, in fact this planet is older than universe Deja Vu effect ​Deja vu is a psychological phenomenon characterized by a strong sense of familiarity or the feeling that one has experienced a current situation or event before, despite knowing that it is impossible. While the exact cause of deja vu is not fully understood, several theories have been proposed to explain its occurrence. Here are some of the leading theories: Prevalence: Deja vu is a common phenomenon experienced by a significant portion of the population. Studies suggest that approximately 60-80% of people report having had at least one deja vu experience in their lifetime. Milkey way galaxy The Milky Way Galaxy was born about 12.7 years ago, and is still expanding rapidly today. According to scientists, 6 to 7 new stars are born every year in our milky way galaxy and every year a light star dies and turns into a planetary nebula. Our solar system is 27,000 light years away from the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Our milky way galaxy travels through space at a speed of about 583 KM/S, and it is expanding at a speed of 1770 KM/H. At the center of our Milky Way galaxy is the SAGITTARIUS A* black hole with a mass 4.3 million times that of our Sun. Speed of Light The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second (or about 186,282 miles per second). This speed is denoted by the symbol "c" in physics equations. Light travels at a constant speed in a vacuum, regardless of the source or the observer's motion. This is one of the fundamental principles of physics. The speed of light is incredibly fast. For example, light from the Sun takes about 8 minutes and 20 seconds to reach Earth, even though the distance is about 93 million miles (150 million kilometers). The speed of light is the fastest known speed in the universe. According to our current understanding of physics, no object with mass can reach or exceed the speed of light. Travel at speed of light If we travel at the speed of light, what will the universe look like, then understand that when we drive in the rain, the rain water hits the windshield of the car, as the speed of the car increases, the water hits more diagonally and today The concept applies to spaceships and interstellar space in the universe, where the spaceship traveling at the speed of the universe appears in 2D form in a frame against the light of the surrounding stars.​ MIT University has done one such fun experiment in which it has shown what it feels like to go back and forth at the speed of light. (Download link is below) Download A Slower Speed of Light game: https://gamelab.mit.edu/games/a-slower-speed-of-light/ Speed of Light 2 The fastest moving thing in our universe is light, which moves at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second. You will be surprised to know that light takes 1.3 seconds to reach the moon from earth and it takes 182 seconds to reach Mars and it takes 32 minutes to reach Jupiter and it takes 500 years to reach our Milky Way Galaxy. Light takes 2500000 years to go and reach the nearest Galaxy Andromeda and you will be surprised to hear that despite the speed of light, it can never cross the universe because our universe is spreading faster than light. Time Dilation What is time dilation? Let us understand in a very simplified way, you must have seen the Interstellar movie, in which time is extremely slow on the planet named Millers, where 1 hour spent is equal to 7 years spent on Earth. This is because the planet was very close to the black hole, according to Einstein's theory of relativity, black holes have more time warp, so that time slows down. So understand it in this way that it normally takes us time to go from point A to B, but if we pass near a black hole, then the curvature increases, so it takes more time for us to go from A to B. Epsilon Eridani Star System 7th Aug 2000 Scientists have discovered a new star system named Epsilon Eridani in the Eridanus constellation about 10.5 light years away from Earth. This star system is exactly like our solar system. In this star system we have discovered Epsilon Eridani-b and a low mass planet Epsilon Eridani-c like Jupiter. Apart from this, the asteroid belt is also present in this star system just like our solar system. About 800 million years old, this star system is similar to the time when life began on our Earth. Scientists also consider this star system as the home of aliens.​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ Strange Planets The Pink Planet : GJ504B is a planet that looks completely pink in color and the reason for the pink appearance of this house is its intense heat which makes it look pink, and this planet is 4 times bigger than Jupiter. Super Saturn : J1407B is also called Super Saturn because this planet has the largest planetary ring system ever found and this ring system is 640 times bigger than Saturn. The golden planet : 16 psyche is an asteroid, but it is also called a minor planet. There is a lot of gold in this asteroid. Let us tell you that the price of this minor planet is about 700 quintillion dollars. Space Facts-1 Right now we know only 5% of the universe out of 100 hubs and this is what we call the observable universe and according to scientists there are about 2 trillion galaxies in our observable universe. 1 billion 400 million years ago, a day on our earth used to be 18 hours 41 minutes. There are thousands of millions of black holes present in our Milky Way Galaxy, which keep wandering in space like this. HD140283 is considered to be the first star of this universe and the age of this star is 14.3 billion years which is more than the age of our universe. The black hole that is closest to our earth is named HR6819 and this black hole is 1000 light years away from us. PSR J1719 1438B In the year 2009, MATHEW BAILES, who is an astrophysicist, saw a house from his telescope which was 3000 times bigger than the sun, yet it was revolving around its sun, then after research, it was found that in a supernova explosion, that star was transformed into a nevtron star, whose mass is much more than its house, so it is holding its star despite being small, and that planet has also become a super giant, but due to the heat of its star. Since then the carbon inside it has now become diamond and that planet is a complete diamond planet. Center of Mass in Solar System We all have been reading since childhood that all the planets in our solar system revolve around the Sun, so according to that, the middle point for all the planets should be the middle point of the Sun, but it is not so in reality. Gravitational force pulls the planet towards itself, similarly the planets also pull the Sun, but here the Sun is an ancient and very big star, so its force is more than all the other planets, hence all the planets are seen revolving around it, but all the planets And the center of mass between the Sun is different, like Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system, so as soon as its gravitational force and the force of the Sun meet, both of them revolve around their center of mass which is away from the center of the Sun. Comes a little further. Time Traveler Party The great scientist Stephen Hawking was already experimenting on time travel. In 2009, Stephen Hawking hosted a reception for time travelers at the University of Cambridge. He sent out invitations but did not publicize the event until afterward. The idea was to see if any time travelers would attend, as they would be aware of the event's details through time-traveling knowledge. But no one attended that party which proved that humans cannot time travel. And we also know that if we have to go back in time then it is never possible in the universe. What is Time? Time!, what is time? You will say that a clock or a calendar will be something like this, no, time is not a thing, all these are things to measure time. Time is a dimension, I understand in simple language, time has been moving ever since our universe was created, so is time moving us? No, things keep changing with time, meaning motion also keeps on changing with time, see like ever since the universe was created, it is expanding and all this is happening with time. Before the Big Bang, there was no motion in the singularity, so there was no time then, it can be said as if only time can be the cause of change. Times are changing. Why we should not make contact with aliens right now Great scientist Stephen Hawking said that we should not make contact with aliens right now. Why did he give such advice? Because we humans are still like small children in the world of technology, you will say that science has progressed so much, so many discoveries have been made, we have even gone to space, once or twice in space. We do not become rich by leaving, we have not even searched for living on another planet or have gone to live on any other planet. This progress seems big to us but it is nothing. If we contact any alien civilization, they will reach our Earth and may even harm us, that is why even today we do not respond to any signal. Quantum Elevator What is a quantum elevator? Suppose you are in a building and each floor of this building is a different dimension, you live on the 4th floor, that is, in the 4th dimension, and you have to go from the 4th floor to the 10th floor and there is an elevator here which will take you there. But when you are going from 4th floor to 10th floor then you will not be able to see the floors coming in between and you will not even know what is on this floor. This is how the quantum elevator works. And this can be very different in different dimensions, it takes us in a fixed dimension. Bennu Asteroid Composition: Bennu is a carbonaceous asteroid, rich in carbon-based compounds. This composition makes it valuable for scientists, as it could provide insights into the origin of life and the early solar system. Sample Collection: NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission successfully collected a sample from Bennu's surface in October 2020. This mission aims to return the collected samples to Earth, allowing scientists to study the asteroid's material in detail. Impact Risk: Bennu is classified as a potentially hazardous asteroid due to its orbit's proximity to Earth's orbit. Scientists continue to monitor its trajectory to assess any potential impact risks in the future. Images Voyager's Golden Record The Voyager Golden Record, a time capsule of humanity's cultural and scientific achievements, was launched aboard the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft by NASA in 1977. This phonograph record contains a diverse array of sounds and images representing Earth and its inhabitants, including greetings in 55 languages, music from various cultures, and images depicting life on our planet. The record was designed to serve as a message to any extraterrestrial civilizations that might encounter the Voyager spacecraft. A testament to human curiosity and creativity, the Voyager Golden Record remains a symbolic representation of our species' desire to reach out and connect with the unknown, even across the vastness of space. Gallery WARP Drive Warp drive is a theoretical propulsion system that features prominently in science fiction, notably in franchises like "Star Trek." The concept involves manipulating space-time to enable faster-than-light travel, allowing spacecraft to travel vast interstellar distances in a relatively short time. In essence, warp drive contracts space in front of the spacecraft while expanding it behind, creating a warp bubble that moves the vessel. While widely popularized, especially by theoretical physicist Miguel Alcubierre's theoretical framework in 1994, practical implementation remains a distant dream due to the enormous energy requirements and unresolved challenges in bending space-time as proposed. Scientists continue to explore the theoretical underpinnings of warp drive, but as of now, it remains firmly in the realm of speculative science fiction. Psyche Asteroid Psyche is a massive asteroid located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It's of particular interest to scientists because it's composed mostly of metallic iron and nickel, resembling Earth's core. This unique composition has led researchers to hypothesize that Psyche might be the exposed core of an early planetesimal, offering a rare opportunity to study the interior of a planet-like body. NASA's Psyche spacecraft, slated for launch in 2022, aims to explore this intriguing asteroid, providing valuable insights into the processes that shaped the early solar system and potentially uncovering secrets about planetary core formation. Earendel Star The James Webb Space Telescope has discovered the most distant star in space, which is believed to be the most distant star ever explored, and it is also believed that this star was formed only in the first 100 million years after the Big Bang. had gone Arandale was discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2002 and along with its expansion, it has moved 2800 kilometers away from us. Recently, NASA has once again discovered this star with the help of James Webb Telescope and it has been revealed that it is 2 times bigger than our sun, its brightness is 1 million times more than our sun. NGC 6166 Black Hole Psyche is a massive asteroid located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It's of particular interest to scientists because it's composed mostly of metallic iron and nickel, resembling Earth's core. This unique composition has led researchers to hypothesize that Psyche might be the exposed core of an early planetesimal, offering a rare opportunity to study the interior of a planet-like body. NASA's Psyche spacecraft, slated for launch in 2022, aims to explore this intriguing asteroid, providing valuable insights into the processes that shaped the early solar system and potentially uncovering secrets about planetary core formation.

Spacelia Scopic World Our telescopic discoveries and unique gallery of space images and different space objects hope so you enjoy it.

Blackhole Information Paradox The Black Hole Information Paradox is a long-standing problem in theoretical physics and astrophysics, concerning the conservation of information in the presence of black holes, which are regions of spacetime where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape from them. The paradox arises from the clash between the principles of quantum mechanics and general relativity. ​ In classical physics, black holes are described by solutions to Einstein's field equations of general relativity, which predict that anything that falls into a black hole will be irretrievably lost behind its event horizon, a boundary beyond which nothing can escape. This implies that any information about the matter that formed the black hole, such as its mass, charge, and angular momentum, is lost to the outside universe. ​ However, according to the principles of quantum mechanics, information cannot be destroyed. Instead, it should always be possible, in principle, to trace the evolution of a quantum system backwards in time and reconstruct the initial state from the final state. This principle is known as unitarity. ​ The paradox arises because the classical description of black holes seems to violate the principles of quantum mechanics. If information is lost behind the event horizon, then the evolution of a black hole's state seems to violate unitarity, leading to a breakdown of quantum mechanics. ​ Various proposed solutions to the Black Hole Information Paradox have been put forward over the years, but none have been universally accepted. Some of these proposals include: ​ Hawking Radiation and Information Loss: Stephen Hawking proposed that black holes emit radiation (now known as Hawking radiation) due to quantum effects near the event horizon. This radiation carries away energy from the black hole, eventually causing it to evaporate completely. Initially, it was believed that this process led to the loss of information, but later work suggested that information might be encoded in the radiation, leading to the idea of "black hole complementarity" or the "firewall paradox." Firewall Paradox: Proposed as a resolution to the information paradox, the firewall paradox suggests that an observer falling into a black hole would encounter a firewall of high-energy particles at the event horizon, contradicting the smooth spacetime predicted by general relativity. This proposal has sparked significant debate within the physics community. Holographic Principle and AdS/CFT Correspondence: The holographic principle suggests that all the information contained within a region of space can be encoded on its boundary. The AdS/CFT correspondence, a conjectured equivalence between certain gravitational theories and quantum field theories, has been used to study black hole physics in this context, offering potential insights into the resolution of the information paradox. Quantum Gravity and String Theory: Some researchers believe that a theory of quantum gravity, which successfully unifies quantum mechanics and general relativity, could resolve the information paradox. String theory is one candidate for such a theory, but it remains highly speculative and has not yet been definitively confirmed. Information Preservation: Other proposals suggest that information may somehow be preserved in a subtle way within the black hole or its radiation, allowing for the eventual recovery of the initial state.Despite decades of research, the Black Hole Information Paradox remains unsolved, and it continues to be a topic of active investigation and debate within the physics community. Resolving this paradox is crucial for developing a complete understanding of the fundamental laws governing the universe. Chat Section If you have any question ask me here.... Other Articles...... Theories Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-452b Proxima Centauri b TRAPPIST-1 Today Onward Theory Parallel World Travel We are our GOD Inflationary Cosmology

Hubble's Nebula Discoveries This is your About Page. It's a great opportunity to give a full background on who you are, what you do and what your website has to offer. Double click on the text box to start editing your content and make sure to add all the relevant details you want to share with site visitors. Beyond the solar system, Hubble has studied star formation and death in our Galaxy and nearby galaxies. As a first example, this image of the Carina Nebula was released for Hubble’s 17th anniversary. At the time (2007), it was one of the largest panoramic images ever taken with Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. It is a 50-light-year-wide view of the central region of the Carina Nebula, where a maelstrom of star birth -- and death -- is taking place. The nebula is sculpted by the action of outflowing winds and scorching ultraviolet radiation from the monster stars that inhabit this inferno. The stars are shredding the surrounding material that is the last vestige of the giant cloud from which the stars were born. The immense nebula contains at least a dozen brilliant stars that are roughly estimated to be at least 50 to 100 times the mass of our Sun. The most unique and opulent inhabitant is the star Eta Carinae, at far left. Eta Carinae is in the final stages of its brief and eruptive lifespan, as evidenced by two billowing lobes of gas and dust that presage its upcoming explosion as a titanic supernova. The outflow in the Carina region started three million years ago when the nebula's first generation of newborn stars condensed and ignited in the middle of a huge cloud of cold molecular hydrogen. Radiation from these stars carved out an expanding bubble of hot gas. The island-like clumps of dark clouds scattered across the nebula are nodules of dust and gas that are resisting being eaten away by photoionization. The blast of stellar winds and blistering ultraviolet radiation within the cavity is now compressing the surrounding walls of cold hydrogen. This is triggering a second stage of new star formation. Carina is about 7,500 light years away (2,300 parsecs). Using Hubble’s newer cameras provides a stunning image of an old favorite. This image of the Pillars of Creation in the Eagle Nebula has twice the resolution, several times the area, and more than twenty times the pixels of the 1995 version. The image was obtained with the optical bands of the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) in 2015. This taller image includes the gas at the bottom of the pillars being blown down and trailing away. Numerous small features indicate the pervasiveness of pillars of every size in this region. This is the first of a sequence of three images to be shown relatively rapidly. We begin the anniversary year by revisiting a legendary image: the “Pillars of Creation” in the Eagle Nebula. This image was the first Hubble image to fascinate the public, and still remains one of Hubble’s most popular images. It was obtained in 1995 with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2). Inside the gaseous towers, which are light-years long, the interstellar gas is dense enough to collapse under its own weight, forming young stars that continue to grow as they accumulate more and more mass from their surroundings. The object is 6,500 light years away (2,000 parsecs). Like the pillars in Carina, these dark clouds are being eroded by winds and radiation from hot, young stars. The stars forming within the pillars give them their “creation” nickname. Using the infrared capabilities of Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), one can see the pillars in a whole new light. Much of the gas of the nebula is transparent to the longer wavelengths of infrared light, revealing a tremendous number of stars. The seemingly solid, visible-light pillars are shown in the infrared to be a combination of dense clouds and the shadows they cast behind them. Such high resolution visible light and infrared light comparisons point toward a bright future when Hubble and James Webb Space Telescope observations can be similarly compared and contrasted. This is the first of two images to be shown of the Horsehead Nebula. The transition should be done without too much delay to the next image. In 2001, after asking the public which object should be observed, the Hubble Heritage Project took this image of the Horsehead Nebula with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2). While the nebula makes for a striking silhouette, the dark cloud is short on detail in a visible light image. The small inset shows a ground-based optical image of the surrounding region. The distance to the object is about 1,200 light years (490 parsec). Using the enhanced infrared sensitivity of Wide Field Camera 3, Hubble was able to get much more detail in this 2013 infrared portrait of the Horsehead. The relatively featureless dark clouds are transformed into a glowing gaseous landscape that almost appears three-dimensional in the image. There are videos that zoom into the nebula and also show the 3D effect. This image of the Orion Nebula shows the discovery of debris disks – planetary systems in formation around newly created stars. As the gas and dust collapses under gravity, stars are born, and in the process, disks and planets often form out of the residual material. The distance to the Orion Nebula is 1,500 light years (460 parsecs). http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1995/45/ A beautiful composite image of the Orion Nebula from both the HST ACS and the ESO MPI at La Silla is available: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/01/ ​ Supplemental Movies: Orion Fly through: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2001/13/video/a/ Zoom into Orion: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2001/13/video/a/ At the heart of this star-forming region lies star cluster NGC 602. It is a cluster of newly formed stars that are blowing a cavity in the center of a star-forming region in the Small Magellanic Cloud, a companion galaxy to our own Milky Way. The high-energy radiation blazing out from the hot young stars is sculpting the inner edge of the outer portions of the nebula, slowly eroding it away and eating into the material beyond. The diffuse outer reaches of the nebula prevent the energetic outflows from streaming away from the cluster. Ridges of dust and gaseous filaments are seen surrounding the cluster. Elephant trunk-like dust pillars point towards the hot blue stars and are telltale signs of their eroding effect. ​ It is possible to trace how the star formation started at the center of the cluster and propagated outward, with the youngest stars still forming today along the dust ridges. The Small Magellanic Cloud, in the constellation Tucana, is roughly 200,000 light-years from the Earth. Its proximity to us makes it an exceptional laboratory to perform in-depth studies of star formation processes and their evolution in an environment slightly different from our own Milky Way. ​ This image was taken with Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/04/ X-ray from Chandra plus Hubble observations: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2013/17/image/a/ The Cat’s Eye Nebula, formally cataloged NGC 6543, was one of the first planetary nebulae to be discovered. Hubble observations show it is one of the most complex such nebulae seen in space. A planetary nebula forms when Sun-like stars gently eject their outer gaseous layers, which eventually form bright nebulae with amazing and confounding shapes. This image taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) reveals the full beauty of a bull's eye pattern of eleven or even more concentric rings, or shells, around the Cat's Eye. Each 'ring' is actually the edge of a spherical bubble seen projected onto the sky — that's why it appears bright along its outer edge. Observations suggest the star ejected its mass in a series of pulses at 1,500- year intervals. These convulsions created dust shells, each of which contains as much mass as all of the planets in our solar system combined (still only one percent of the Sun's mass). These concentric shells make a layered, onionskin structure around the dying star. The view from Hubble is like seeing an onion cut in half, where each skin layer is discernible. The Nebula is 3000 light years (1000 parsecs) away. This beautiful image was taken soon after Servicing Mission 4 as part of the release announcing Hubble’s return to science operations. This planetary nebula is the material blown off of a dying star. A disk around the center restricts the outflows into two oppositely directed lobes, creating a distinct resemblance to a butterfly. Although named the Bug Nebula, many began calling this object the Butterfly Nebula after this image was released. The Crab Nebula derived its name from its appearance in a drawing made by Irish astronomer Lord Rosse in 1844, using a 36-inch telescope. The Crab Nebula is a six-light-year-wide expanding remnant of a star's supernova explosion. Japanese and Chinese astronomers recorded this violent event nearly 1,000 years ago in 1054, as did -- almost certainly -- Native Americans. This composite image was assembled from 24 individual exposures taken with the Hubble Space Telescope’s Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 in October 1999, January 2000, and December 2000. The orange filaments are the tattered remains of the star and consist mostly of hydrogen. The rapidly spinning neutron star embedded in the center of the nebula is the dynamo powering the nebula's eerie interior bluish glow. The blue light comes from electrons whirling at nearly the speed of light around magnetic field lines from the neutron star. The neutron star, like a lighthouse, ejects twin beams of radiation that appear to pulse 30 times a second due to the neutron star's rotation. A neutron star is the crushed ultra-dense core of the exploded star. This shell, or bubble, is the result of gas that is being shocked by the expanding blast wave from a supernova. Notice its completely different appearance from the Crab Nebula in the previous slide. Called SNR 0509-67.5 (or SNR 0509 for short), the bubble is the visible remnant of a powerful stellar explosion in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a small galaxy about 160,000 light-years from Earth. Ripples in the shell's surface may be caused by either subtle variations in the density of the ambient interstellar gas, or possibly driven from the interior by pieces of the ejecta. The bubble-shaped shroud of gas is 23 light-years across and is expanding at more than 11 million miles per hour (5,000 kilometers per second). ​ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2010/27/ Supplemental Movie: 3D look at SN remnant http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2010/27/video/a/

TRAPPIST-1 TRAPPIST-1 is a star system located about 39 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Aquarius. It gained significant attention and interest in the scientific community and the public due to the discovery of seven Earth-sized exoplanets orbiting the ultra-cool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1. Here's a detailed explanation of the TRAPPIST-1 system, including information about its characteristics, the potential for atmosphere, and the search for extraterrestrial life or aliens 1. Characteristics of TRAPPIST-1: Star Type: TRAPPIST-1 is an ultra-cool dwarf star classified as an M8V-type star. It is much cooler and smaller than our Sun, with a surface temperature of about 2,550 degrees Celsius (4,622 degrees Fahrenheit). Number of Exoplanets: The TRAPPIST-1 system is known to host seven exoplanets. These exoplanets are designated as TRAPPIST-1b, c, d, e, f, g, and h. They were discovered through the transit method, which involves observing the periodic dimming of the star's light as the planets pass in front of it. Habitability Zone: Several of the exoplanets in the TRAPPIST-1 system are located within the habitable zone, also known as the Goldilocks zone. This is the region around a star where conditions might be suitable for liquid water to exist on the planets' surfaces, a key factor for potential habitability. 2. Atmosphere of TRAPPIST-1 Exoplanets: Information about the specific composition and characteristics of the atmospheres of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets is not fully known. Detecting and characterizing exoplanet atmospheres is a challenging task that requires advanced telescopes and instruments. Astronomers have conducted studies to analyze the potential atmospheres of these exoplanets. The presence of atmospheres would be an essential factor in determining their habitability and potential for hosting life. 3. The Search for Extraterrestrial Life or Aliens: The discovery of seven Earth-sized exoplanets in the TRAPPIST-1 system, especially those within the habitable zone, has made TRAPPIST-1 a significant target in the search for extraterrestrial life. The habitable zone is a region where conditions might be right for liquid water to exist, a key ingredient for life as we know it. The search for extraterrestrial life involves looking for signs of habitability and biomarkers, such as the presence of water, oxygen, and methane, in exoplanet atmospheres. It also involves the study of planetary conditions, including surface temperature and radiation levels, to assess the potential for life to thrive. While the discovery of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets is exciting, the actual presence of extraterrestrial life remains purely speculative. The search for life beyond Earth is an ongoing scientific endeavor, and it requires more advanced technology and instruments, including next-generation telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope, to provide more insights. 4. The Possibility of Aliens: The term "aliens" typically refers to intelligent extraterrestrial beings. While the search for microbial life or even simple life forms is a primary focus in astrobiology, the search for intelligent civilizations, often referred to as the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), remains an active area of research. SETI involves listening for radio signals or other types of communication from advanced civilizations in the universe. So far, no definitive evidence of extraterrestrial intelligent life or aliens has been found. Comparison with Solar System The TRAPPIST-1 system and our solar system are two different planetary systems in the Milky Way galaxy. While both contain multiple celestial bodies, there are significant differences between them. Here's a comparison of the TRAPPIST-1 system and our solar system: Number of Stars: Solar System: Our solar system is a single-star system, with the Sun as the central star. TRAPPIST-1 System: The TRAPPIST-1 system is a multi-star system, consisting of a red dwarf star called TRAPPIST-1 and at least seven confirmed planets orbiting it. Central Star: Solar System: The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star (a yellow dwarf). TRAPPIST-1 System: TRAPPIST-1 is an M-type dwarf star, which is much cooler and less massive than the Sun. Planetary Orbits: Solar System: In the solar system, planets have relatively stable, nearly circular orbits. TRAPPIST-1 System: The TRAPPIST-1 planets have much closer orbits to their star, with some being in the habitable zone. These orbits are closer to their star compared to most planets in our solar system. Planetary Composition: Solar System: The planets in our solar system have diverse compositions. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are rocky, while the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are gas giants or ice giants. TRAPPIST-1 System: The TRAPPIST-1 planets are believed to be rocky, similar to the inner planets in our solar system. Some may have liquid water on their surfaces. Habitability: Solar System: Earth, in our solar system, is the only known planet with conditions suitable for life as we know it. TRAPPIST-1 System: Some of the TRAPPIST-1 planets are in the habitable zone, where liquid water could exist. This makes them potential candidates for studying the possibility of life beyond Earth. Number of Planets: Solar System: Our solar system has eight recognized planets, with Pluto being classified as a dwarf planet. TRAPPIST-1 System: At least seven planets have been discovered in the TRAPPIST-1 system. Planetary Sizes: Solar System: The planets in our solar system vary in size from small rocky planets like Mercury to massive gas giants like Jupiter. TRAPPIST-1 System: The TRAPPIST-1 planets are thought to be similar in size to Earth and its neighboring planets. Exploration: Solar System: Our solar system has been extensively explored by spacecraft, including missions to all eight recognized planets, numerous moons, and even a few asteroids and comets. TRAPPIST-1 System: As of my knowledge cutoff date in September 2021, the TRAPPIST-1 system had been observed and studied from a distance through telescopes, but no direct spacecraft missions had been sent to explore it. Related Articles....... Dark Energy Multiness of Thoughts The Dream Mission Creation of Mind Loop STAR VFTS102 KEPLER-452b KEPLER-186f Proxima Centauri b

2021 Space Discoveries Amateur astronomer discovers a new moon around Jupiter A previously-unknown moon has been detected around the largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter is a giant, so it gravitationally attracts many objects into its vicinity. Earth has one major moon, Mars has two: but Jupiter boasts at least 79 moons, and there may be dozens or hundreds more of them that astronomers have yet to identify. The latest discovery was made by amateur astronomer Kai Ly, who found evidence of this Jovian moon in a data set from 2003 that had been collected by researchers using the 3.6-meter Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) on Mauna Kea. Ly they confirmed the moon was likely bound to Jupiter's gravity using data from another telescope called Subaru. The new moon, called EJc0061, belongs to the Carme group of Jovian moons. They orbit in the opposite direction of Jupiter's rotation at an extreme tilt relative to Jupiter's orbital plane. NASA will return to Venus this decade Mars is a popular target for space agencies, but Earth's other neighbor has been garnering more attention recently. In 2020, researchers announced that they had detected traces of phosphine in Venus' atmosphere. It is a possible biosignature gas, and the news certainly reawakened interest in the planet. In early June 2021, NASA announced it will launch two missions to Venus by 2030. One mission, called DAVINCI+ (short for Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging, Plus) will descend through the planet's atmosphere to learn about how it has changed over time. The other mission, VERITAS (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) will attempt to map the planet's terrain from orbit like never before. Venus has been visited by robotic probes, but NASA has not launched a dedicated mission to the planet since 1989. The interest in Martian exploration may be one reason why Venus has been neglected in recent decades, but the second planet from the sun is also a challenging place to study. Although it may have once been a balmy world with oceans and rivers, a runaway greenhouse effect took hold of Venus around 700 million years ago and now the planet's surface is hot enough to melt lead. The sun is reawakening The sun was experiencing a quiet time in its roughly decade-long cycle, but it is now exiting that phase. The sun has had very little activity in recent years, but the star's surface is now erupting in powerful events that spew out charged particles towards Earth. In early November, for instance, a series of solar outbursts triggered a large geomagnetic storm on our planet. This eruption is known as a coronal mass ejection, or CME. It's essentially a billion-ton cloud of solar material with magnetic fields, and when this bubble pops, it blasts a stream of energetic particles out into the solar system. If this material heads in the direction of Earth, it interacts with our planet's own magnetic field and causes disturbances. These can include ethereal displays of auroras near Earth's poles, but can also include satellite disruptions and energy losses. James Webb Space Telescope flies into space A whole new era of space science began on Christmas Day 2021 with the successful launch of the world's next major telescope. NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency are collaborating on the $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), a project more than three decades in the making. Space telescopes take a long time to plan and assemble: The vision for this particular spacecraft began before its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope, had even launched into Earth orbit. Whereas Hubble orbits a few hundred miles from Earth's surface, JWST is heading to an observational perch located about a million miles from our planet. The telescope began its journey towards this spot, called the Earth-sun Lagrange Point 2 (L2), on Dec. 25, 2021 at 7:20 a.m. EST (1220 GMT) when an Ariane 5 rocket launched the precious payload from Europe's Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana. The telescope will help astronomers answer questions about the evolution of the universe and provide a deeper understanding about the objects found in our very own solar system. Event Horizon Telescope takes high-resolution image of black hole jet In July 2021, the novel project behind the world's first photo of a black hole published an image of a powerful jet blasting off from one of these supermassive objects. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a global collaboration of eight observatories that work together to create one Earth-sized telescope. The end result is a resolution that is 16 times sharper and an image that is 10 times more accurate than what was possible before. Scientists used EHT's incredible abilities to observe a powerful jet being ejected by the supermassive black hole at the center of the Centaurus A galaxy, one of the brightest objects in the night sky. The galaxy's black hole is so large that it has the mass of 55 million suns. Scientists spot the closest-known black hole to Earth Just 1,500 light-years from Earth lies the closest-known black hole to Earth, now called "The Unicorn ." Tiny black holes are hard to spot, but scientists managed to find this one when they noticed strange behavior from its companion star, a red giant. Researchers observed its light shifting in intensity, which suggested to them that another object was tugging on the star. This black hole is super-lightweight at just three solar masses. Its location in the constellation Monoceros ("the unicorn") and its rarity have inspired this black hole's name. Earth's second 'moon' flies off into space An object dropped into Earth's orbit like a second moon, and this year, it made its final close approach of our planet. It is classified as a "minimoon," or temporary satellite. But it's no stray space rock — the object, known as 2020 SO, is a leftover fragment of a 1960s rocket booster from the American Surveyor moon missions. On Feb. 2, 2021, 2020 SO reached 58% of the way between Earth and the moon, roughly 140,000 miles (220,000 kilometers) from our planet. It was the minimoon's final approach, but not its closest trip to Earth. It achieved its shortest distance to our planet a few months prior, on Dec. 1, 2020. It has since drifted off into space and away from Earth's orbit, never to return. Parker Solar Probe travels through the sun's atmosphere This year, NASA's sun-kissing spacecraft swam within a structure that's only visible during total solar eclipses and was able to measure exactly where the star's "point of no return" is located. The Parker Solar Probe has been zooming through the inner solar system to make close approaches to the sun for the past three years, and it is designed to help scientists learn about what creates the solar wind, a sea of charged particles that flow out of the sun and can affect Earth in many ways. The spacecraft stepped into the sun's outer atmosphere, known as the corona , during its eight solar flyby. The April 28 maneuver supplied the data that confirmed the exact location of the Alfvén critical surface: the point where the solar wind flows away from the sun, never to return. The probe managed to get as low as 15 solar radii, or 8.1 million miles (13 million km) from the sun's surface. It was there that it passed through a huge structure called a pseudostreamer, which can be seen from Earth when the moon blocks the light from the sun's disk during a solar eclipse . In a statement about the discovery, NASA officials described that part of the trip as "flying into the eye of a storm." Perseverance begins studying rocks on Mars Last but not least, this year marked the arrival of NASA's Perseverance rover on Mars. The mission has been working hard to find traces of ancient Martian life since it reached the Red Planet on Feb. 18, 2021. Engineers have equipped Perseverance with powerful cameras to help the mission team decide what rocks are worth investigating. One of Perseverance's most charming findings has been "Harbor Seal Rock ," a curiously-shaped feature that was probably carved out by the Martian wind over many years. Perseverance has also obtained several rock samples this year, which will be collected by the space agency for analysis at some point in the future. Perseverance is taking its observations from the 28-mile-wide (45 kilometers) Jezero Crater, which was home to a river delta and a deep lake billions of years ago.

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Key Publications Submitted and Published Papers Our Article Space Tourism: A Look into the Future of TravelSpace Tourism: A Look into the Future of Travel​ ​ Space exploration has always captured the imagination of humanity. Since the first moon landing in 1969, the idea of traveling beyond Earth’s atmosphere has fascinated us. Fast forward to the present day, and the concept of space tourism is no longer just a dream. With advancements in technology, this once sci-fi concept is becoming a viable reality.

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